Table 3. Multivariable cox regression for analyzing the prognosis factors among primary lung carcinoma with brain metastases (diagnosed 2010–2015).
| Subject characteristics | Patients’ No. of LC with BM | Median survival (IQR), months | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Dead, n (%) | HR (95%CI) | P value | HR (95%CI) | P value | |||
| Age, years | ||||||||
| <41 | 303 | 231 (76.2) | 13.00 (10.29–15.72) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| 41–50 | 2,011 | 1,768 (87.9) | 8.00 (7.48–8.52) | 1.36 (1.18–1.55) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.18–1.56) | <0.001 | |
| 51–60 | 7,586 | 6,885 (90.8) | 6.00 (5.77–6.24) | 1.66 (1.46–1.89) | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.47–1.91) | <0.001 | |
| 61–70 | 9,848 | 9,158 (93.0) | 4.00 (3.85–4.15) | 1.92 (1.69–2.19) | <0.001 | 1.98 (1.74–2.26) | <0.001 | |
| 71–80 | 6,479 | 6,191 (95.6) | 3.00 (2.90–3.11) | 2.44 (2.14–2.78) | <0.001 | 2.59 (2.27–2.96) | <0.001 | |
| 81–90 | 2,145 | 2,094 (97.6) | 2.00 (1.90–2.11) | 3.25 (2.83–3.72) | <0.001 | 3.37 (2.94–3.87) | <0.001 | |
| >90 | 154 | 153 (99.4) | 1.00 (0.70–1.30) | 4.88 (3.98–5.99) | <0.001 | 4.52 (3.68–5.55) | <0.001 | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 14,907 | 14,024 (94.1) | 3.00 (2.89–3.11) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Female | 13,619 | 12,456 (91.5) | 4.00 (3.83–4.17) | 0.84 (0.82–0.86) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.82–0.86) | <0.001 | |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 22,400 | 20,931 (93.4) | 4.00 (3.90–4.10) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Black | 3,619 | 3,406 (94.1) | 4.00 (3.77–4.23) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 0.816 | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 0.889 | |
| AI | 159 | 154 (96.9) | 3.00 (2.05–3.95) | 1.17 (1.00–1.37) | 0.055 | 1.16 (0.99–1.36) | 0.067 | |
| API | 2,296 | 1,951 (85.0) | 7.00 (6.30–7.70) | 0.68 (0.65–0.71) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.65–0.72) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 52 | 38 (73.1) | 7.00 (3.94–10.06) | 0.76 (0.55–1.04) | 0.090 | 0.73 (0.53–1.00) | 0.053 | |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Others | 13,123 | 12,372 (94.3) | 3.00 (2.89–3.11) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Married | 14,238 | 13,014 (91.4) | 5.00 (4.84–5.16) | 0.82 (0.80–0.84) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.83–0.88) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 1,165 | 1,094 (93.9) | 4.00 (3.59–4.41) | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.196 | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.091 | |
| Insurance status | ||||||||
| Insured | 21,607 | 20,018 (92.7) | 4.00 (3.89–4.11) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Any medic aid | 4,945 | 4,619 (93.4) | 4.00 (3.80–4.20) | 1.07 (1.04–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.13–1.21) | <0.001 | |
| Uninsured | 1,419 | 1,322 (93.2) | 4.00 (3.66–4.34) | 1.09 (1.04–1.16) | 0.001 | 1.27 (1.20–1.34) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 555 | 521 (93.9) | 3.00 (2.61–3.39) | 1.21 (1.11–1.32) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.03–1.23) | 0.010 | |
| Site | ||||||||
| MB | 1,482 | 1,415 (95.5) | 3.00 (2.64–3.36) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| UL | 14,390 | 13,307 (92.5) | 4.00 (3.85–4.15) | 0.83 (0.79–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.86–0.96) | <0.001 | |
| ML | 1,117 | 1,025 (91.8) | 4.00 (3.54–4.46) | 0.81 (0.75–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) | 0.006 | |
| LL | 6,638 | 6,140 (92.5) | 4.00 (3.82–4.19) | 0.86 (0.82–0.92) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.88–0.99) | 0.032 | |
| OL | 278 | 263 (94.6) | 3.00 (1.90–4.11) | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.337 | 1.01 (0.88–1.15) | 0.927 | |
| NOS | 4,621 | 4,330 (93.7) | 3.00 (2.83–3.17) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.348 | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.339 | |
| T stage | ||||||||
| T1 | 3,185 | 2,818 (88.5) | 6.00 (5.59–6.41) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| T2 | 6,849 | 6,298 (92.0) | 4.00 (3.78–4.22) | 1.21 (1.15–1.26) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.12–1.22) | <0.001 | |
| T3 | 6,243 | 5,822 (93.3) | 4.00 (3.84–4.16) | 1.34 (1.28–1.40) | <0.001 | 1.25 (1.19–1.31) | <0.001 | |
| T4 | 8,392 | 7,913 (94.3) | 3.00 (2.85–3.15) | 1.40 (1.35–1.47) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.23–1.34) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 3,857 | 3,629 (94.1) | 3.00 (2.81–3.19) | 1.49 (1.42–1.56) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.22–1.35) | <0.001 | |
| N stage | ||||||||
| N0 | 5,885 | 5,304 (90.1) | 4.00 (3.75–4.25) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| N1 | 2,320 | 2,143 (92.4) | 4.00 (3.64–4.36) | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) | 0.033 | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 0.569 | |
| N2 | 12,853 | 12,042 (93.7) | 4.00 (3.87–4.13) | 1.16 (1.12–1.20) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) | <0.001 | |
| N3 | 5,538 | 5,162 (93.2) | 4.00 (3.80–4.20) | 1.15 (1.10–1.19) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.05–1.14) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 1,930 | 1,829 (94.8) | 3.00 (2.78–3.22) | 1.36 (1.29–1.44) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 0.003 | |
| Grade | ||||||||
| Grade I | 347 | 306 (88.2) | 7.00 (5.18–8.83) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Grade II | 2,124 | 1,876 (88.3) | 6.00 (5.49–6.51) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 0.552 | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 0.904 | |
| Grade III | 6,537 | 6,115 (93.5) | 4.00 (3.85–4.15) | 1.42 (1.26–1.59) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.09–1.37) | 0.001 | |
| Grade IV | 942 | 907 (96.3) | 4.00 (3.52–4.49) | 1.48 (1.30–1.68) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) | 0.004 | |
| Unknown | 18,576 | 17,276 (93.0) | 4.00 (3.88–4.12) | 1.42 (1.27–1.59) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) | 0.017 | |
| Bone Met | ||||||||
| No | 18,546 | 17,085 (92.1) | 4.00 (3.87–4.13) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 9,328 | 8,772 (94.0) | 3.00 (2.87–3.13) | 1.16 (1.13–1.19) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.10–1.17) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 652 | 623 (95.6) | 3.00 (2.55–3.45) | 1.28 (1.18–1.38) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 0.504 | |
| Liver Met | ||||||||
| No | 21,931 | 20,117 (91.7) | 4.00 (3.88–4.12) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 5,756 | 5,556 (96.5) | 2.00 (1.88–2.13) | 1.45 (1.41–1.49) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.31–1.39) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 839 | 807 (96.2) | 3.00 (2.67–3.33) | 1.30 (1.22–1.40) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.04–1.24) | 0.007 | |
| Lung Met | ||||||||
| No | 20,557 | 18,943 (92.2) | 4.00 (3.88–4.12) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 6,860 | 6,478 (94.4) | 3.00 (2.84–3.16) | 1.17 (1.14–1.20) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.04–1.11) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 1,109 | 1,059 (95.5) | 3.00 (2.72–3.28) | 1.24 (1.16–1.32) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.481 | |
| Histology | ||||||||
| AC | 14,710 | 13,167 (89.5) | 5.00 (4.85–5.15) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| SLC | 2,655 | 2,563 (96.5) | 3.00 (2.84–3.16) | 1.54 (1.47–1.60) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.34–1.46) | <0.001 | |
| ASLC | 306 | 286 (93.5) | 4.00 (3.21–4.79) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | 0.005 | 1.17 (1.04–1.32) | 0.008 | |
| LCLC | 573 | 539 (94.1) | 4.00 (3.43–4.57) | 1.26 (1.16–1.37) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | <0.001 | |
| SCLC | 4,727 | 4,559 (96.5) | 5.00 (4.72–5.29) | 1.28 (1.23–1.32) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) | <0.001 | |
| Others | 5,555 | 5,366 (96.6) | 2.00 (1.90–2.10) | 1.76 (1.71–1.82) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.54–1.64) | <0.001 | |
| Surg(pri) | ||||||||
| No | 27,712 | 25,867 (93.3) | 4.00 (3.91–4.091) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 755 | 560 (74.2) | 13.00 (11.41–14.59) | 0.89 (0.68–1.17) | 0.415 | 0.55 (0.50–0.60) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 59 | 53 (89.8) | 2.00 (1.20–2.80) | 0.39 (0.30–0.52) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.65–1.12) | 0.261 | |
LC, lung carcinoma; BM, brain metastases; Met, metastases; AI, American Indian/Alaska Native; API, Asian or Pacific Islander; MB, main bronchus; UL, upper lobe; ML, middle lobe; LL, lower lobe; OL, overlapping lesion of lung; AC, adenocarcinoma; SLC, squamous lung carcinoma; ASLC, adenosquamous lung carcinoma; LCLC, large cell lung carcinoma; SCLC, small cell lung carcinoma; Surg(pri), surgical treatments of primary site.