Table 1.

Traditional and nontraditional risk factors for CVD in patients with CKD [46, 47]

Traditional risk factors	Nontraditional risk factors
Age	Endothelial dysfunction
Male sex	Anemia
Left ventricular hypertrophy	Hyperuricemia
Smoking	Inflammation
Dyslipidemia	Oxidative stress
Hypertension	Vascular calcification
Diabetes mellitus	Mineral bone metabolism
Physical inactivity	Abnormal lipid modifications

CKD chronic kidney disease, CVD cardiovascular disease