Fig. 1. The generation of inflammatory monocytes under persistent low-grade or exhaustive challenges, facilitated by TRAM and finely modulated by IRAK-M.

Primary murine monocytes from WT, Tram^−/− and Irak-m^−/− mice were treated with either PBS, low-dose LPS (100 pg/mL) or high-dose LPS (1 µg/mL) for 5 days, and monocyte subsets were analyzed with flow cytometry. a Representative staining profile of the monocyte subsets. b Quantification of the populations of non-classical (Ly6C−); intermediate (Ly6C+); and classical monocytes (Ly6 + +). Data are representative of three independent experiments, and error bars represent means ± SEM. ***P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA (n = 4 for each group).