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. 2022 Jan 28;12:1559. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05339-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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HNCCs labelled with GNPs show decreased in vitro colony forming potential 10 days post radiation. A colony formation assay (CFA) was used to determine the potential of GNP-labelled or unlabelled (NoNP) cancer cells to form colonies 10 days after radiation with the STB or DTB. (a) GNP-labeled Detroit-562 and FaDu cells irradiated with the DTB exhibit decreased colony formation potential compared to NoNP-labeled cells with STBR (both p = 0.045). With DTBR, GNP-labeled Detroit-562 cells formed fewer colonies than NoNP-labeled cells (p = 0.0001). GNP-labeled FaDu cells also demonstrated decreased colony forming potential with DTBR compared to STBR (p = 0.017). GNP-labelled HSC-3 cells formed fewer colonies with both DTB and STB radiation compared to unlabeled (NoNP) cells treated with DTBR (p = 0.025 and p = 0.045, respectively). Lastly, with NoNPs, STBR treated Detroit-562 cells formed fewer colonies than cells with DTBR (p = 0.0001). Panc1 cells exhibited a similar trend in the reduction of colonies in GNP-labeled groups with DTBR compared to other treatment groups, but the results were not significant. (b) Representative bright-field images of GNP-labeled HSC-3 cells fixed and stained with Crystal Violet in Petri plates receiving no radiation (No RT), STBR or DTBR. Results are presented as the fold change of surviving fraction (SF) means ± standard error of the mean, SF = (# of colonies/(plating efficiency (PE) × # of colonies seeded)) × 100. Fold changes were made relative to unirradiated control cells, p* < 0.05, p** < 0.01, p*** < 0.001 for significant decreases in colony forming potential. Significance between groups was tested using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey multiple comparisons test (n = 3). GNP gold nanoparticles, NoNP no nanoparticles, HNCC head and neck cancer cells, STB(R) standard target beam (radiation), DTB(R) diamond target beam (radiation).