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. 2022 Jan 28;12:1559. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05339-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were elevated in HNCCs with GNP-facilitated DTBR. Cells were cultured in 6-well plates, irradiated with 8 Gy from the STB or DTB, then processed for flow cytometry 12 h post radiation. (a) Detroit-562, FaDu, and HSC-3 HNCC lines showed a trend towards higher levels of ROS in GNP-labeled cells irradiated with the DTB (these increases were not significant). GNP Panc1 cells demonstrated a reduced level of ROS after DTBR. (b) Representative flow plots of Detroit-562 cells labelled with CellROX Deep Red Reagent (Ex/Em: 644/665) and SYTOX Blue dead cell stain (Ex/Em: 444/480). Results are presented as means of Relative Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) (where relative MFI = net MFI of treated sample/net MFI of untreated sample × 100) ± standard error of the mean, p* < 0.05, p** < 0.01, p*** < 0.001. Significance between groups was tested using a Mann Whitney test (n = 3; ~ 1 × 10⁶ cells per replicate). GNP gold nanoparticles, NoNP no nanoparticles, HNCC head and neck cancer cells, STB(R) standard target beam (radiation), DTB(R) diamond target beam (radiation).