Table 1.
Participant characteristics at study intake.
| Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| ASI measures a | Median (IQR) |
| Age in years | 46 (40–57) |
| Prior heroin use in years | 14 (4–20) |
| N (%) | |
| Maleb | 30 (77) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| Black | 25 (63) |
| White | 11 (28) |
| Otherc | 4 (10) |
| ≥12 years of education | 29 (73) |
| Normally unemployed | 24 (60) |
| Below poverty leveld | 34 (85) |
| Prior opioid treatment | 34 (85) |
| Buprenorphine | 25 (63) |
| Methadone | 19 (48) |
| Naltrexone | 2 (5) |
| Urinalysis positive for e | N (%) |
| Amphetamines | 0 (0) |
| Barbiturates | 0 (0) |
| Benzodiazepines | 3 (8) |
| Buprenorphine | 5 (13) |
| Cocaine | 26 (65) |
| Fentanyl | 36 (90) |
| Hydrocodone/Hydromorphone | 4 (10) |
| Methadone | 5 (13) |
| Opiates | 35 (88) |
| Oxycodone | 0 (0) |
| THC/Cannabis | 9 (23) |
| Any opioid | 40 (100) |
| Percent correct at intake | Mean (SD) |
| Subtest 1 | 85 (12) |
| Subtest 2 | 90 (12) |
| Subtest 3 | 81 (13) |
| Overall | 85 (10) |
a
Results from the Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite; McLellan et al., 1985) conducted at study intake.
b
All participants identified as either male or female.
c
Race/ethnicity of “Other” includes participants that reported being “Mixed”, “Black and White”, “Asian”, or “American Indian or Alaskan Native”.
d
Below poverty level was calculated using income reported in the ASI at study intake and 2020 Poverty Guidelines from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2020.
e
Results from the Urinalysis conducted at study intake.