Table 4.
Potential ICD nano-inducers.
| Nanomaterial | Component | Function | ICD biomarker | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FAL-ICG-HAuNS | ER-targeting pardaxin (FAL) peptides-modified, ICG-conjugated hollow gold nanospheres | PTT PDT |
ROS generation and CRT exposure Increased CD8+ T cells, reduced CD4+ T cells and Tregs in tumor, increased TNF-α and IFN-γ in blood |
144 |
| Prussian blue nano-particles | Coordination compound between Fe2+, Fe3+ and CN | PTT | ATP release, HMGB1 release and CRT exposure, vaccination mediated prevention of tumor challenge | 158 |
| Single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) | PEG-grafted amphiphilic polymer-decorated SWNTs | PTT | DC maturation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, no direct ICD biomarkers are evaluated, primary and metastatic tumor inhibition through combination of CTLA-4 mAbs | 159 |
| Fe-TBP MOF | Solvothermal synthesis from [Fe3O(OAc)6(H2O)3] OAc (OAc = acetate) and H4TBP |
PDT | Exposure of calreticulin, proliferation of tumor-antigen Specific cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ T cells, inhibition of distal tumors, better anticancer outcome combined with α-PD-L1 |
180 |
| PGA@glucose oxidase@carbon dot nanoparticles | Poly (γ-glutamic acid)@glucose oxidase@carbon dot nanoparticles | PDT PTT |
No direct ICD biomarkers are evaluated, inhibition of distal tumors, better anticancer outcome combined with α-PD-L1 | 181 |
| Hf-based nMOF | Hf6-DBA with a formula of Hf6(μ3-O)4 (μ3-OH)4 (DBA)6 and Hf12-DBA with a formula of Hf12(μ3-O)8 (μ3-OH)8 (μ2-OH)6 (DBA)9 | RT | Exposure of calreticulin, release of HMGB1, proliferation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, inhibition of distal tumors, prevention of tumor challenge | 188 |
| A hybrid core‒shell vesicle (HCSVs) | Ascorbic acid (AA) in the core and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) shell incorporating iron oxide nanocubes (IONCs) | CDT ferroptosis | CRT exposure, GPX4 downregulation, the maturation of DCs, proliferation of CD8+ T cells in DLN, inhibition of primary tumor | 202 |
| Ferrihydrite nanoparticles | PEGylation of ferrihydrite nanoparticles | Ferroptosis | Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibition, increasing of ROS level, TAM polarization from M2 to M1, inhibition of tumor metastasis | 199 |
| Iron oxide nanoparticles | Iron oxide nanoparticles | MHT | Activation of DCs and CD8+ T cells in LN, production of cytokines and chemokines, inhibition of distal tumor, prevention of tumor challenge | 204 |
| FeNPs | Pure iron nanoparticles functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG)/dopamine (DA) -cografted polymer | MHT | Increase of CD8+ T cells in secondary tumor, slight inhibition of secondary tumor, better anticancer effect after combination with R837 and α-CTLA-4 | 205 |