Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of DM NGs. (A) Penetration of DM NGs in 4T1 MCSs for 4, 8, and 24 h, respectively. (B) The mean fluorescence intensity of DOX in each layer in the MCSs. (C) In vitro tumor permeability of MCSs treated with DM NGs for 24 h. (D) Fluorescence imaging, and (E) Semi-quantitative fluorescence intensity of DM NGs distribution in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice in vivo. (F) The semi-quantitative fluorescence intensity of the tumor and major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney) examined 72 h post-injection. (G) Quantification of DM NGs in tumor and major organs by fluorescence spectrophotometer. (H) Plasma concentration-time profiles and (I) the AUC0−t of DOX in SD rat post i.v. injection of DM NGs or Free DOX. (J) CLSM images and (K) quantification of DIR fluorescence distribution in tumor. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). ∗P < 0.05; ∗∗P < 0.01; ∗∗∗P < 0.001.