Table 1.

Baseline characteristics

Characteristic	Overall	Graduate outside of the US	Graduated in the US	p-value
Number	222	43	179
Female, %	49	44	49	0.60
Non-surgical program, %	65	63	64	0.88
English is the primary language, %	65	19	77	< 0.01
Mastery score, mean +/−SD	23.7+/− 2.38	23.6+/− 2.4	24.0+/− 2.0	0.38
Stress score, mean +/−SD	8.6+/−1.6	8.7+/− 1.8	8.5+/− 1.6	0.38
Quality of life, mean +/−SD	5.32+/− 0.86	5.45+/− 0.88	5.28+/− 0.86	0.27
Spiritual belief, %	58	86	51	< 0.01
Depression, %	2	2	1	0.52
Any wellness technique, %	68	79	66	0.09
Cognitive restructuring, %	45	51	43	0.33
Mindfulness, %	38	37	38	0.92
Diaphragmatic breathing, %	21	16	22	0.38
Brief relaxation imagery, %	26	33	19	0.06
Cognitive restructuring, mean +/SD	1.8+/−0.94	1.37+/−1.09	1.22+/−1.16	0.46