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. 2022 Jan 29;15:4. doi: 10.1186/s13072-022-00436-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Features of autosomal TADs in ESCs and cortical neurons. A The number of TADs called using Arrowhead and TopDom in ESCs and cortical neurons. More TADs are called in ESCs than cortical neurons with both TAD callers. B Size of TADs called using Arrowhead and TopDom in ESCs and cortical neurons (plotted on a log₁₀ scale). Both Arrowhead and TopDom call significantly smaller TADs in ESCs than cortical neurons (Wilcoxon test, p-value: p < 0.001 = ***, p < 0.01 = **, p < 0.05 = *, ES = effect size calculated using r for Wilcoxon). C The number of TADs per chromosome is strongly correlated with the size of the chromosome. D In both cell types and with both TAD callers most TADs have few genes. Overall, there is a low correlation between TAD size and gene number. Several TADs containing many genes were further investigated and found to contain multiple members of large gene families (annotated)