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. 2022 Jan 29;28:10. doi: 10.1186/s10020-022-00435-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The polybacterial biofilm in colonic mucus. Bacterial biofilm can cause enhance the gut permeability, change of E-cadherin in colonic cells. Besides, biofilm can cause the loss of intestinal barrier activity, resulting in dysbiosis that could favor the enhanced growth of opportunistic pathogens. Eventually, the pro-oncogenic role of the biofilm and changes of polyamine metabolic and inflammation-associated Th17 prompt the growth of host cells, resulting in CRC initiation. CRC, colorectal cancer