Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants
| Controls N (%) | COVID-19 Participants N (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender (C: n=544; CP: n=544) | ||
| Male | 219 (40.3) | 215 (39.5) |
| Female | 325 (59.7) | 329 (60.5) |
| Age, years (C: n=544; CP: n=544) | ||
| <25 | 81 (14.9) | 81 (14.9) |
| 25–34 | 102 (18.7) | 100 (18.4) |
| 35–44 | 149 (27.4) | 154 (28.3) |
| 45–54 | 99 (18.2) | 99 (18.2) |
| 55–64 | 64 (11.8) | 64 (11.8) |
| 65+ | 49 (9) | 46 (8.5) |
| Ethnicity (C: n=544; CP: n=539) | ||
| Caucasian | 343 (63.1) | 328 (60.9) |
| Asian | 71 (13.1) | 74 (13.7) |
| African | 56 (10.3) | 60 (11.1) |
| Hispanic | 41 (7.5) | 46 (8.5) |
| Other | 33 (6.1) | 31 (5.8) |
| Country (C: n=544; CP: n=544) | ||
| Austria | 9 (1.7) | 9 (1.7) |
| Brazil | 76 (14.0) | 87 (16.0) |
| Canada | 42 (7.7) | 35 (6.4) |
| China, Hong Kong | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) |
| China, Jilin | 11 (2.0) | 10 (1.8) |
| Finland | 21 (3.9) | 23 (4.2) |
| France | 37 (6.8) | 33 (6.1) |
| Italy | 26 (4.8) | 25 (4.6) |
| Japan | 61 (11.2) | 63 (11.6) |
| Norway | 17 (3.1) | 21 (3.9) |
| Poland | 3 (0.6) | 4 (0.7) |
| Sweden | 59 (10.8) | 50 (9.2) |
| UK | 43 (7.9) | 46 (8.5) |
| USA | 137 (25.2) | 136 (25.0) |
| Residential area (C: n=543; CP: n=541) | ||
| Rural | 98 (18.1) | 91 (16.8) |
| Urban | 445 (81.9) | 450 (83.2) |
| Marital status (C: n=544; CP: n=543) | ||
| Single | 184 (33.8) | 171 (31.5) |
| Married/cohabiting | 322 (59.2) | 328 (60.4) |
| Divorced/separated | 29 (5.3) | 35 (6.4) |
| Widowed | 9 (1.7) | 9 (1.7) |
| Education (C: n=544; CP: n=543) | ||
| Primary | 7 (1.3) | 9 (1.7) |
| Secondary | 58 (10.7) | 67 (12.3) |
| Vocational | 45 (8.3) | 47 (8.7) |
| Bachelor | 228 (41.9) | 216 (39.7) |
| Master | 164 (30.1) | 160 (29.5) |
| Doctor | 42 (7.7) | 44 (8.1) |
| Work (C: n=539; CP: n=539) | ||
| Regular day work | 305 (56.6) | 283 (52.5) |
| Irregular day work | 48 (8.9) | 52 (9.7) |
| Student | 59 (10.9) | 47 (8.7) |
| Shift/night work | 30 (5.6) | 58 (10.8) |
| At home, no salary | 19 (3.5) | 20 (3.7) |
| Temporary laid off | 15 (2.8) | 18 (3.3) |
| Unemployed | 28 (5.2) | 26 (4.8) |
| Retired | 30 (5.6) | 26 (4.8) |
| Lost job due to pandemic | 5 (0.9) | 9 (1.7) |
| Quarantine duration (C: n=527; CP: n=537) | ||
| ≤ 1 month | 302 (57.3) | 320 (59.6) |
| > 1 month | 225 (42.7) | 217 (40.4) |
| Hypnotics usage (C: n=544; CP: n=544) | ||
| Never or less frequently than once per month | 389 (71.5) | 342 (62.9) |
| Less frequently than once per week | 52 (9.6) | 41 (7.5) |
| 1–2 nights per week | 33 (6.1) | 75 (13.8) |
| 3–5 nights per week | 33 (6.1) | 43 (7.9) |
| Every night or almost every night | 37 (6.8) | 43 (7.9) |
| Financial burden (C: n=544; CP: n=544) | ||
| Not at all | 221 (40.6) | 172 (31.6) |
| A little | 159 (29.2) | 132 (24.3) |
| Somewhat | 98 (18) | 115 (21.1) |
| Much | 42 (7.7) | 88 (16.2) |
| Very much | 24 (4.4) | 37 (6.8) |
Abbreviations: C, controls; CP, COVID-19 participants.