. 2022 Jan 24;14:93–108. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S344299

Table 2.

Mean Rank of Clinical Measures and Results of Statistical Comparisons (Mann–Whitney U-Test) Between Controls and COVID-19 Participants (Controls N=544; COVID-19 Participants= 544) During Pandemic

		Mean Rank	Z	p
Anxiety	Controls	514.07	−3.24	0.001
Anxiety	COVID-19 participants	574.93	−3.24	0.001
Depression	Controls	512.18	−3.44	0.001
Depression	COVID-19 participants	576.82	−3.44	0.001
Stress^a	Controls	529.82	−1.33	0.184
Stress^a	COVID-19 participants	554.25	−1.33	0.184
PTSD: repeated disturbing thoughts/memories	Controls	517.32	−2.95	0.003
PTSD: repeated disturbing thoughts/memories	COVID-19 participants	571.68	−2.95	0.003
PTSD: feeling very upset about past	Controls	515.85	−3.06	0.002
PTSD: feeling very upset about past	COVID-19 participants	572.20	−3.06	0.002
Quality of Life^b	Controls	570.63	−2.80	0.005
Quality of Life^b	COVID-19 participants	517.32	−2.80	0.005
Quality of Health^c	Controls	593.02	−5.26	<0.001
Quality of Health^c	COVID-19 participants	493.08	−5.26	<0.001
Wellbeing (WHO-5)	Controls	573.94	−3.09	0.002
Wellbeing (WHO-5)	COVID-19 participants	515.06	−3.09	0.002

Notes: ^aControls = 543, COVID-19 participants = 540. ^bControls = 544, COVID-19 participants = 543. ^cControls = 542, COVID-19 participants = 543. Significant values are indicated in bold.

Abbreviation: PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.