Table 3.
Ordinal Logistic Regression Model on Nightmare Frequency in COVID-19 Participants (N=499)
| Covariates | OR | p | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||
| Wellbeing (WHO-5) | 1.00 | 0.459 | 0.99 | 1.01 |
| Quality of life | 1.00 | 0.835 | 0.99 | 1.01 |
| Quality of health | 1.00 | 0.466 | 0.98 | 1.01 |
| Anxiety | ||||
| Yes | 1.76 | 0.018 | 1.10 | 2.81 |
| No | Ref | |||
| Depression | ||||
| Yes | 1.41 | 0.157 | 0.88 | 2.28 |
| No | Ref | |||
| Stress | ||||
| Yes | 0.82 | 0.388 | 0.53 | 1.28 |
| No | Ref | |||
| PTSD (repeated disturbing thoughts/memories) | ||||
| High risk | 2.58 | <0.001 | 1.67 | 3.96 |
| Low risk | Ref | |||
| DRF | ||||
| Nightly or almost nightly | 19.26 | <0.001 | 9.38 | 39.57 |
| 3–5 nights per week | 11.54 | <0.001 | 6.01 | 22.14 |
| 1–2 nights per week | 9.67 | <0.001 | 5.11 | 18.31 |
| Less than weekly | 2.82 | 0.002 | 1.47 | 5.41 |
| Never or less than monthly | Ref | |||
| Insomnia | ||||
| Yes | 1.63 | 0.039 | 1.02 | 2.60 |
| No | Ref | |||
| Sleep quality | ||||
| Poor | 0.98 | 0.935 | 0.65 | 1.48 |
| Good | Ref | |||
| Sleep duration | ||||
| Long | 0.43 | 0.003 | 0.25 | 0.75 |
| Normal | 0.55 | 0.010 | 0.35 | 0.87 |
| Short | Ref | |||
| COVID-19 severity | ||||
| High | 1.60 | 0.014 | 1.10 | 2.34 |
| Low | Ref | |||
| Quarantine duration | ||||
| > 1 month | 0.95 | 0.781 | 0.66 | 1.37 |
| ≤ 1 month | Ref | |||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 0.75 | 0.121 | 0.52 | 1.08 |
| Male | Ref | |||
| Age | ||||
| 65+ | 0.49 | 0.078 | 0.22 | 1.08 |
| 55–64 | 0.29 | 0.001 | 0.14 | 0.59 |
| 45–54 | 0.36 | 0.001 | 0.20 | 0.66 |
| 35–44 | 0.78 | 0.378 | 0.46 | 1.34 |
| 25–34 | 0.71 | 0.247 | 0.39 | 1.27 |
| <25 | Ref | |||
Note: Significant values are indicated in bold.
Abbreviations: OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; Ref, reference.