Table 2.
Characteristics of cohort and subphenotypes
| Feature | Full cohort | SP-I | SP-II | SP-III | SP-IV | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, n (%) | 1036 (100) | 233 (22.5) | 418 (40.3) | 259 (25.0) | 126 (12.2) | – |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years, n (IQR) | 63.3 (54.0, 74.0) | 64.8 (57.0, 76.0) | 61.5 (53.0, 73.0) | 65.3 (58.0, 73.0) | 62.2 (53.0, 73.8) | 0.014 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 651 (62.8) | 144 (61.8) | 261 (62.4) | 169 (65.3) | 77 (61.1) | 0.815 |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||
| White | 273 (26.4) | 72 (30.9) | 100 (23.9) | 77 (29.7) | 24 (19.0) | 0.075 |
| Black or African American | 207 (20.0) | 37 (15.9) | 96 (23.0) | 55 (21.2) | 19 (15.1) | |
| American Indian/Alaska native | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Asian | 54 (5.2) | 13 (5.6) | 20 (4.8) | 16 (6.2) | 5 (4.0) | |
| Hawaiian native and Pacific islander | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Some others | 498 (48.1) | 110 (47.2) | 201 (48.1) | 109 (42.1) | 78 (61.9) | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 282 (27.2) | 48 (20.6) | 123 (29.4) | 69 (26.6) | 42 (33.3) | 0.035 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 754 (72.8) | 185 (79.4) | 295 (70.6) | 190 (73.4) | 84 (66.7) | |
| NYC boroughs | ||||||
| Bronx | 59 (5.7) | 14 (6.0) | 27 (6.5) | 11 (4.2) | 7 (5.6) | 0.001 |
| Brooklyn | 267 (25.8) | 67 (28.8) | 115 (27.5) | 64 (24.7) | 21 (16.7) | |
| Manhattan | 360 (34.7) | 74 (31.8) | 137 (32.8) | 83 (32.0) | 66 (52.4) | |
| Queens | 257 (24.8) | 48 (20.6) | 109 (261) | 76 (29.3) | 24 (19.0) | |
| Staten Island | 5 (0.5) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (0.10) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Not applicable | 88 (8.5) | 29 (12.4) | 27 (0.62) | 25 (9.7) | 8 (6.3) | |
| Survival probability | ||||||
| 10 days | 0.71 (0.68, 0.74) | 0.77 (0.71, 0.83) | 0.81 (0.77, 0.85) | 0.54 (0.49, 0.61) | 0.64 (0.56, 0.73) | <0.001 |
| 20 days | 0.49 (0.46, 0.53) | 0.56 (0.49, 0.64) | 0.56 (0.50, 0.63) | 0.36 (0.30, 0.43) | 0.42 (0.33, 0.52) | |
| 30 days | 0.39 (0.35, 0.43) | 0.45 (0.37, 0.54) | 0.43 (0.36, 0.51) | 0.28 (0.22, 0.35) | 0.38 (0.29, 0.48) | |
| Hospital discharge probability | ||||||
| 10 days | 0.25 (0.22, 0.28) | 0.22 (0.16, 0.28) | 0.38 (0.33, 0.43) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.17) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.11) | <0.001 |
| 20 days | 0.49 (0.45, 0.52) | 0.46 (0.38, 0.53) | 0.63 (0.57, 0.68) | 0.37 (0.28, 0.45) | 0.26 (0.14, 0.36) | |
| 30 days | 0.62 (0.58, 0.66) | 0.60 (0.51, 0.67) | 0.75 (0.69, 0.79) | 0.49 (0.38, 0.57) | 0.43 (0.29, 0.55) | |
| Abnormal biomarkers at the ICU admission | ||||||
| SBP <90 mmHg, n (%) | 54 (5.2) | 6 (2.6) | 3 (0.7) | 35 (13.5) | 10 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| HR >90 bpm, n (%) | 178 (17.2) | 54 (23.2) | 31 (7.4) | 66 (25.5) | 27 (21.4) | <0.001 |
| RR >20 bpm, n (%) | 273 (26.4) | 97 (41.6) | 69 (16.5) | 73 (28.2) | 34 (27.0) | <0.001 |
| PaCO2 <32 mmHg, n (%) | 14 (1.4) | 2 (0.9) | 4 (1.0) | 6 (2.3) | 2 (1.6) | 0.428 |
| WBC >12 000, n (%) | 49 (4.7) | 7 (3.0) | 16 (3.8) | 22 (8.5) | 4 (3.2) | 0.011 |
| P/F <150, n (%) | 83 (8.0) | 13 (5.6) | 15 (3.6) | 29 (11.2) | 26 (20.6) | <0.001 |
| Glucose >250 mg/dl, n (%) | 77 (7.4) | 14 (6.0) | 26 (6.2) | 25 (9.7) | 12 (9.5) | 0.237 |
| pH <7.25, n (%) | 41 (4.0) | 2 (0.9) | 10 (2.4) | 21 (8.1) | 8 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| AG >12 mmol/l, n (%) | 83 (8.0) | 16 (6.9) | 25 (6.0) | 31 (12.0) | 11 (8.7) | 0.039 |
| 7 days Cr >2 times, n (%) | 10 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.7) | 5 (1.9) | 2 (1.6) | 0.134 |
| Treatments at the ICU admission | ||||||
| Red blood transfusion, n (%) | 9 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (0.7) | 4 (1.5) | 1 (0.8) | 0.569 |
| Vasoactive agents, n (%) | 136 (13.1) | 9 (3.9) | 8 (1.9) | 88 (34.0) | 31 (24.6) | <0.001 |
| IV loop diuretics, n (%) | 10 (1.0) | 2 (0.9) | 3 (0.7) | 4 (1.5) | 1 (0.8) | 0.743 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 159 (15.3) | 12 (5.2) | 4 (1.0) | 70 (27.0) | 73 (57.9) | <0.001 |
| Neuromuscular blocker, n (%) | 39 (3.8) | 4 (1.7) | 3 (0.7) | 13 (5.0) | 19 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| IV insulin, n (%) | 31 (3.0) | 5 (2.1) | 7 (1.7) | 12 (4.6) | 7 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Hemodialysis, n (%) | 4 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.8) | 0.040 |
| Abnormal biomarkers during the first 24 h of ICU admission | ||||||
| SBP <90 mmHg, n (%) | 219 (21.1) | 40 (17.2) | 14 (3.3) | 118 (45.6) | 47 (37.3) | 0.003 |
| HR >90 bpm, n (%) | 519 (50.1) | 145 (62.2) | 124 (29.7) | 175 (67.6) | 75 (59.5) | <0.001 |
| RR >20 bpm, n (%) | 766 (73.9) | 228 (97.9) | 246 (58.9) | 197 (76.1) | 95 (75.4) | <0.001 |
| PaCO2 <32 mmHg, n (%) | 125 (12.1) | 37 (15.9) | 40 (9.6) | 39 (15.1) | 9 (7.1) | 0.236 |
| WBC >12 000, n (%) | 447 (43.1) | 88 (37.8) | 142 (34.0) | 158 (61.0) | 59 (46.8) | 0.050 |
| P/F <150, n (%) | 372 (35.9) | 88 (37.8) | 79 (18.9) | 137 (52.9) | 68 (54.0) | <0.001 |
| Glucose >250 mg/dl, n (%) | 324 (31.3) | 74 (31.8) | 110 (26.3) | 101 (39.0) | 39 (31.0) | 0.161 |
| pH <7.25, n (%) | 192 (18.5) | 17 (7.3) | 31 (7.4) | 107 (41.3) | 37 (29.4) | 0.008 |
| AG >12 mmol/l, n (%) | 571 (55.1) | 128 (54.9) | 204 (48.8) | 74 (67.2) | 65 (51.6) | 0.007 |
| 7 days Cr >2 times, n (%) | 184 (17.8) | 22 (9.4) | 32 (7.7) | 96 (37.1) | 34 (27.0) | 0.010 |
| Treatments during the first 24 h of ICU admission | ||||||
| Red blood transfusion, n (%) | 46 (4.4) | 8 (3.4) | 13 (3.1) | 20 (7.7) | 5 (4.0) | 0.681 |
| Vasoactive agents, n (%) | 406 (39.2) | 43 (18.5) | 44 (10.5) | 230 (88.8) | 89 (70.6) | <0.001 |
| IV loop diuretics, n (%) | 154 (14.9) | 41 (17.6) | 50 (12.0) | 44 (17.0) | 19 (15.1) | 0.798 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 340 (32.8) | 40 (17.2) | 24 (5.7) | 150 (57.9) | 126 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| Neuromuscular blocker (IV), n (%) | 193 (18.6) | 23 (9.9) | 32 (7.7) | 86 (33.2) | 52 (41.3) | 0.001 |
| IV insulin, n (%) | 162 (15.6) | 16 (6.9) | 41 (9.8) | 75 (29.0) | 30 (23.8) | 0.039 |
| Hemodialysis, n (%) | 47 (4.5) | 7 (3.0) | 17 (4.1) | 18 (6.9) | 5 (4.0) | 0.681 |
Abbreviations: NYC: New York City, AG: anion gap; Cr: serum creatinine; HR: heart rate; ICU: intensive care unit; P/F: PaO2/FiO2 (fraction of inspired oxygen); PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood; RR: respiratory rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SP-I: subphenotype I, SP-II: subphenotype II, SP-III: subphenotype III, SP-IV: subphenotype IV; WBC: white blood cell count, IQR:interquartile range, BPM: beats per minute.