Table 1.
Baseline Demographic Characteristics, Substance Use, Mental Health, Social Support, and Attitudes Toward Medical Care among People Living with HIV and Problem Substance Use, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Sexual Health Clinic and Hospital Detoxification Patients, N = 99
| TOTAL SAMPLE (N = 99) a n (%)/Mean ± SD/Median (IQR) |
Sexual Health Clinic (n = 36) n (%)/Mean ± SD/Median (IQR) |
Detox (n = 63) n (%)/Mean ± SD/Median (IQR) |
Test Statistic | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Demographic Characteristics | |||||
|
| |||||
| Age in Years | 43.63 ± 13.20 | 28.14 ± 5.96 | 52.49 ± 6.02 | t(97)=−19.43 | <.001 |
| Years of Education | 13.11 ± 2.47 | 14.89 ± 2.01 | 12.10 ± 2.11 | t(97)=6.45 | <.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity | * | <.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black/African American | 51 (51.52) | 11 (30.56) | 40 (63.49) | ||
| Hispanic/Latinx, Any Race | 35 (35.35) | 15 (41.67) | 20 (31.75) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 12 (12.12) | 9 (25.00) | 3 (4.76) | ||
| Other Race/Ethnicity | 1 (1.01) | 1 (2.78) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Gender Identity | * | .004 | |||
| Cisgender Man | 85 (85.86) | 35 (97.22) | 50 (79.37) | ||
| Cisgender Woman | 12 (12.12) | 0 (0.00) | 12 (19.05) | ||
| Transgender Woman | 2 (2.02) | 1 (2.78) | 1 (1.59) | ||
| Employed Full-Time a | 26 (26.53) | 23 (63.89) | 3 (4.84) | χ2(1)=40.74 | <.001 |
| Housing Status | χ2(2)=19.36 | <.001 | |||
| Your Own House/Apartment b | 58 (58.59) | 23 (63.89) | 35 (55.56) | ||
| Someone Else’s House/Apartment | 20 (20.20) | 13 (36.11) | 7 (11.11) | ||
| Unstably Housed c | 21 (21.21) | 0 (0.00) | 21 (33.33) | ||
| Had Health Insurance in Past Year | 91 (91.92) | 28 (77.78) | 63 (100.00) | * | <.001 |
| Year of HIV Diagnosis | * | <.001 | |||
| Before 1995 | 28 (28.28) | 0 (0.00) | 28 (44.44) | ||
| 1995–1999 | 19 (19.19) | 0 (0.00) | 19 (30.16) | ||
| 2000–2013 | 17 (17.17) | 3 (8.33) | 14 (22.22) | ||
| 2014–2017 | 35 (35.35) | 33 (91.67) | 2 (3.17) | ||
| Cisgender Man who Had Sex with Men – Past 6 Months | 43 (43.43) | 35 (97.22) | 8 (12.69) | χ2(1)=63.22 | <.001 |
| Injection Drug Use – Past 6 Months | 15 (15.15) | 3 (8.33) | 12 (19.05) | χ2(1)=1.30 | .244 |
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| Substance Use | |||||
|
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| Alcohol Use Disorder d | 56 (56.57) | 19 (52.78) | 37 (58.73) | χ2(1)=0.33 | .565 |
| Cannabis Use Disorder d | 34 (34.34) | 15 (41.67) | 19 (30.16) | χ2(1)=1.35 | .246 |
| Opioid Use Disorder d | 26 (26.26) | 1 (2.78) | 25 (39.68) | χ2(1)=16.11 | <.001 |
| Stimulant Use Disorder d | 60 (60.61) | 13 (36.11) | 47 (74.60) | χ2(1)=14.22 | <.001 |
| Days of Heavy Drinking, e Past 6 months (180 Days) | 8 (1.00–31.00) | 4 (1.00–14.00) | 10 (0.00–90.00) | Z=1.46 | .143 |
| Days of Drug and/or Alcohol Use, Past 6 Months (180 Days) | 92 (49.00–165.00) | 71.5 (37.5–135.5) | 140 (68.00–166.00) | Z=1.83 | .068 |
| Positive Urine Toxicology Screen, Any Substance | 62 (62.63) | 15 (41.67) | 47 (74.60) | χ2(1)=10.62 | .001 |
| Marijuana | 31 (31.31) | 11 (35.48) | 20 (35.09) | χ2(1)=0.00 | .970 |
| Cocaine | 39 (39.39) | 3 (9.68) | 36 (63.16) | χ2(1)=20.86 | <.001 |
| Opioids | 16 (16.16) | 0 (0.00) | 16 (28.07) | * | .001 |
| Methamphetamine | 4 (4.04) | 3 (9.68) | 1 (1.75) | * | .123 |
| Amphetamines | 2 (2.02) | 1 (3.23) | 1 (1.75) | * | 1.00 |
| Benzodiazepines | 19 (19.19) | 1 (3.23) | 18 (31.58) | χ2(1)=7.65 | .002 |
| Currently Smokes Cigarettes | 69 (69.70) | 18 (50.00) | 51 (80.95) | χ2(1)=10.39 | .001 |
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| Mental Health & Social Support | |||||
|
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| Distress (Anxiety, Depression), Past 30 Days f | 22.92 ± 7.88 | 24.14 ± 8.22 | 22.22 ± 7.65 | t(97)=1.17 | .246 |
| Number of Close Friends and Relatives | Z=0.06 | .950 | |||
| 0–2 | 27 (27.55) | 11 (30.56) | 16 (25.81) | ||
| 3–6 | 39 (39.80) | 12 (33.33) | 27 (43.55) | ||
| 7 or More | 32 (32.65) | 13 (36.11) | 19 (30.65) | ||
| Number Family Members Who Know Your HIV Status | 3 (0.00–8.00) | 0 (0.00–1.00) | 5 (2.00–12.00) | Z=−4.47 | <.001 |
| Number Friends Who Know Your HIV Status | 3 (0.00–9.50 | 2 (0.00–6.00) | 3 (0.00–10.00) | Z=−1.14 | .257 |
| Availability of Social Support g | 55.74 ±16.78 | 58.39 ± 15.95 | 54.22 ± 17.18 | t(97)=1.19 | .240 |
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| Attitudes Toward Medical Care | |||||
|
| |||||
| Attitudes Toward HIV Health Care Providers h | 83.27 ± 14.19 | 76.68 ± 22.09 | 86.35 ± 6.57 | t(29)=−2.27 | .031 |
| Attitudes Toward Medical Systems i | 18.62 ± 3.30) | 17.67 ± 3.36 | 19.16 ± 3.17 | t(97)=−2.21 | .030 |
NOTES:
IQR = interquartile range
Fisher’s Exact test
Responses may not add up to 100% due to missing data.
Includes partner’s house/apartment
Includes no fixed address; room rented on a daily basis; shelter welfare residence, or single room occupancy; incarcerated; residential treatment/hospital; or something else
Substance Use Disorder = Endorsement of ≥ 2 DSM-5 symptoms in the past 12 months
In a single day: ≥ 4 drinks (assigned male at birth); ≥ 3 drinks (assigned female at birth)
Kessler-10 Score, Possible Range = 10–50, Higher score = more distress
MOS Social Support Score, Possible Range = 0–100, Higher Score = More frequent availability of different types of support when needed
Possible Range = 19–114, Higher Score = More positive attitude toward HIV health care providers
Medical Mistrust Index, Possible Range = 7–28, Higher Score = Greater Mistrust