Table 3.
Predictors of Durable Viral Suppression at 12- and 18-Months after Enrollment by Baseline Demographic Characteristics, Substance Use, Mental Health, Social Support, and Attitudes Toward Medical Care among People Living with HIV and Problem Substance Use, N = 99
| 12-Month Follow-Up OR (95% CI) | Test Statistic | 18-Month Follow-Up OR (95% CI) | Test Statistic | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | p | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Age in Years | 0.94 (0.92–0.98) | χ2(1)=12.81 | <.001 | 0.95 (0.91–0.98) | χ2(1)=12.08 | <.001 |
| Years of Education | 1.33 (1.10–1.60) | χ2(1)=10.13 | .002 | 1.34 (1.11–1.61) | χ2(1)=9.09 | .003 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black/African American | 0.10 (0.01–0.56) | χ2(1)=7.70 | .006 | 0.17 (0.04–0.70) | χ2(1)=6.03 | .014 |
| Hispanic/Latinx, Any Race | 0.24 (0.02–1.40) | χ2(1)=2.89 | .089 | 0.50 (0.11–2.18) | χ2(1)=0.85 | .356 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Gender Identity a | ||||||
| Cisgender Man | 1.00 | |||||
| Cisgender & Transgender Woman | 1.13 (0.36, 3.49) | χ2(1)=0.04 | .838 | 0.77 (0.25–2.40) | χ2(1)=0.21 | .649 |
| Employed Full-Time (Yes v. No) b | 4.52 (1.68–12.17) | χ2(1)=9.94 | .002 | 5.56 (1.98–15.55) | χ2(1)=12.34 | <.001 |
| Housing Status | ||||||
| Your Own House/Apartment c | 3.67 (1.18–11.36) | χ2(1)=5.10 | .024 | 4.22 (1.36–13.08) | χ2(1)=6.24 | .013 |
| Someone Else’s House/Apartment | 3.91 (1.03–14.87) | χ2(1)=4.00 | .045 | 3.20 (0.84–12.13) | χ2(1)=2.93 | .087 |
| Unstably Housed d | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Had Health Insurance in Past Year (Yes vs. No) | 0.28 (0.03–1.65) | χ2(1)=2.73 | .098 | 0.29 (0.05–1.49) | χ2(1)=2.54 | .111 |
|
| ||||||
| Substance Use | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol Use Disorder (Yes vs. No) e | 1.49 (0.67–3.32) | χ2(1)=0.96 | .326 | 2.25 (1.00–5.08) | χ2(1)=3.90 | .048 |
| Cannabis Use Disorder (Yes vs. No) e | 1.17 (0.51–2.68) | χ2(1)=0.13 | .716 | 0.92 (0.40–2.10) | χ2(1)=0.04 | .837 |
| Opioid Use Disorder (Yes vs. No) e | 0.30 (0.11–0.81) | χ2(1)=6.17 | .013 | 0.58 (0.23–1.44) | χ2(1)=1.43 | .232 |
| Stimulant Use Disorder (Yes vs. No) e | 0.39 (0.27–0.89) | χ2(1)=5.14 | .023 | 0.59 (0.26–1.33) | χ2(1)=1.62 | .203 |
| Days of Heavy Drinking, f Past 6 months (180 Days) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | χ2(1)=0.29 | .588 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | χ2(1)=3.85 | .050 |
| Days of Drug and/or Alcohol Use, Past 6 Months (180 Days) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | χ2(1)=2.53 | .112 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | χ2(1)=2.16 | .141 |
| Positive Urine Toxicology Screen, Any Substance (Yes vs. No) | 0.38 (0.17–0.89) | χ2(1)=5.15 | .023 | 0.49 (0.22–1.13) | χ2(1)=2.86 | .091 |
| Currently Smokes Cigarettes (Yes vs. No) | 0.40 (0.16–0.96) | χ2(1)=4.37 | .037 | 0.34 (0.14–0.84) | χ2(1)=5.77 | .016 |
|
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| Mental Health & Social Support | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Distress (Anxiety, Depression), Past 30 Days g | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | χ2(1)=1.39 | .238 | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | χ2(1)=0.49 | .486 |
| Number of Close Friends and Relatives | 0.60 (0.35–1.01) | χ2(1)=3.77 | .052 | 1.11 (0.67–1.86) | χ2(1)=0.16 | .686 |
| Number Family Members Who Know Your HIV Status | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) | χ2(1)=4.20 | .040 | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | χ2(1)=1.62 | .203 |
| Number Friends Who Know Your HIV Status | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | χ2(1)=0.05 | .829 | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | χ2(1)=0.42 | .516 |
| Availability of Social Support h | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | χ2(1)=0.36 | .546 | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | χ2(1)=1.30 | .255 |
|
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| Attitudes Toward Medical Care | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Attitudes Toward HIV Health Care Providers i | 0.84 (0.31–2.27) | χ2(1)=0.12 | .728 | 1.22 (0.45–3.33) | χ2(1)=0.15 | .694 |
| Attitudes Toward Medical Systems j | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | χ2(1)=0.63 | .426 | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | χ2(1)=3.11 | .078 |
NOTES:
OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval
Due to the small sample size, transgender women (n = 2) were grouped with cisgender women in the bivariate analyses.
Responses may not add up to 100% due to missing data.
Includes partner’s house/apartment
Includes no fixed address; room rented on a daily basis; shelter welfare residence, or single room occupancy; incarcerated; residential treatment/hospital; or something else
Substance Use Disorder = Endorsement of ≥ 2 DSM-5 symptoms in the past 12 months
In a single day: ≥ 4 drinks (assigned male at birth); ≥ 3 drinks (assigned female at birth)
Kessler-10 Score, Possible Range = 10–50, Higher score = more distress
MOS Social Support Score, Possible Range = 0–100, Higher Score = More frequent availability of different types of support when needed
Possible Range = 19–114, Higher Score = More positive attitude toward HIV health care providers
Medical Mistrust Index, Possible Range = 7–28, Higher Score = Greater Mistrust