Table 1.
Results of the combined assessment of various risk factors
| Risk factors | No.a | Cases, n Exposure (+/−) | Controls, n Exposure (+/−) | Reference for data mining | Fixed effect model | Random effects model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | P | OR | 95%CI | P | |||||
| Male sex | 9 | 8533/8073 | 5,013,326/6,907,255 | [7, 9, 22–27] | ||||||
| Yes | 1.16 | 1.12–1.20 | 0.001 | 1.18 | 1.02–1.37 | 0.031 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Caucasian ethnicity | 6 | 16,790/7037 | 15,145,866/10,614,153 | [8, 22–25, 27] | ||||||
| Yes | 1.77 | 1.72–1.83 | 0.001 | 1.41 | 1.16–1.73 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Family history of CRC | 9 | 2350/8496 | 308,951/11,502,258 | [7, 9, 22, 23, 25, 27] | ||||||
| Yes | 7.03 | 6.67–7.41 | 0.001 | 4.13 | 1.68–10.13 | 0.002 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Sedentary | 5 | 294/1167 | 592/3175 | [7, 9, 23, 28] | ||||||
| Yes | 1.26 | 1.06–1.48 | 0.007 | 1.33 | 1.05–1.70 | 0.02 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Smoking | 9 | 10,860/16,576 | 8,367,277/17,375,989 | [7, 8, 22–25, 27, 28] | ||||||
| Yes | 1.44 | 1.40–1.47 | 0.001 | 1.23 | 0.93–1.64 | 0.039 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Alcoholb | 5 | 2852/5403 | 2,833,801/8,971,210 | [7, 9, 23, 27, 28] | ||||||
| Yes | 1.66 | 1.58–1.75 | 0.001 | 1.52 | 1.28–1.80 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Obesity | 10 | 12,195/15,887 | 8,114,710/17,676,715 | [8, 22–24, 26, 27] | ||||||
| Yes | 2.30 | 2.25–2.36 | 0.001 | 1.42 | 1.13–1.78 | 0.003 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 5 | 4794/22,980 | 2,886,828/22,846,354 | [8, 22, 25–27] | ||||||
| Yes | 1.49 | 1.44–1.54 | 0.001 | 1.36 | 0.84–2.21 | 0.213 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Hyperlipidemia | 5 | 5602/22,172 | 2,125,036/23,608,146 | [8, 22, 25–27] | ||||||
| Yes | 2.11 | 2.05–2.19 | 0.001 | 1.39 | 0.94–2.06 | 0.099 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 8 | 1663/25,143 | 494,375/13,511,324 | [7–9, 22–26] | ||||||
| Yes | 1.47 | 1.39–1.55 | 0.001 | 1.25 | 1.04–1.50 | 0.019 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| IBD | 3 | 936/9716 | 396,324/11,446,050 | [25–27] | ||||||
| Yes | 3.46 | 3.23–3.71 | 0.001 | 3.20 | 1.60–6.41 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Red meat | 3 | 1214/1081 | 1260/1945 | [7, 9, 23] | ||||||
| Yes | 1.12 | 1.07–1.17 | 0.001 | 1.12 | 1.07–1.17 | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Processed meat | 4 | 658/573 | 872/1443 | [7, 9, 23, 28] | ||||||
| Yes | 1.10 | 1.03–1.19 | 0.007 | 1.24 | 0.99–1.55 | 0.064 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| High school education | 4 | 1572/2705 | 2174/4441 | [7, 9, 23, 25] | ||||||
| Less | 1.14 | 1.09–1.20 | 0.001 | 1.49 | 0.78–2.87 | 0.230 | ||||
| More | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
aNumber of studies for meta-analysis
bPooled effect estimates to obtain the highest exposure defined category compared with the lowest