Table 3.
Correlates of neonatal body composition
| Fixed effects modela | Regression coefficients | 95% Confidence intervals | P-value | Adjusted P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal whole-body fat mass g (R2 0.38, R2adj 0.37)a | ||||
| Sexb of infant (Ref: female) | − 119.85 | − 219.24, − 20.45 | 0.02 | |
| Gestational age at birth, wk | −15.38 | −67.13, 36.38 | 0.56 | |
| Infant age, mo | 435.35 | 187.62, 683.09 | 0.001 | |
| Infant length, cm | 58.80 | 29.99, 87.57 | < 0.0001 | |
| UVB period at birthc (Ref: non-synthesizing period) | 105.28 | 8.94, 201.63 | 0.03 | |
| Gestational weight gain, kg | 6.57 | −1.61, 14.76 | 0.11 | |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMId (Ref: < 25 kg/m2) | − 45.26 | − 173.54, 83.02 | 0.12 | |
| Maternal 25(OH)De (Ref: ≥50 nmol/L) | − 40.57 | − 176.04, 94.91 | 0.09 | |
| BMI*25(OH)D interaction (pairwise comparisons) | 0.02 | |||
| BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D < 50 vs BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 | 220.40 | 56.19, 384.60 | 0.009 | 0.04 |
| BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D < 50 vs BMI < 25, 25(OH)D < 50 | 215.70 | 44.73, 386.68 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
| BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D < 50 vs BMI < 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 | 175.14 | 28.38, 321.89 | 0.02 | 0.09 |
| BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 vs BMI < 25, 25(OH)D < 50 | −4.70 | − 161.54, 152.15 | 0.95 | 0.99 |
| BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 vs BMI < 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 | −45.26 | −173.54, 83.02 | 0.49 | 0.90 |
| BMI < 25, 25(OH)D < 50 vs BMI < 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 | −40.57 | −176.04, 94.91 | 0.55 | 0.93 |
| Neonatal whole-body lean mass g (R2 0.53, R2adj 0.52) | ||||
| Sex of infant (Ref: female) | 174.52 | 73.41, 275.64 | 0.0009 | |
| Gestational age at birth, wk | 32.29 | −20.36, 84.94 | 0.23 | |
| Infant age, mo | 294.98 | 42.95, 547.00 | 0.02 | |
| Infant length, cm | 102.26 | 72.97, 131.55 | < 0.0001 | |
| UVB period (Ref: non-synthesizing period) | −68.86 | − 166.88, 29.16 | 0.17 | |
| Gestational weight gain, kg | −4.56 | −12.89, 3.76 | 0.28 | |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (Ref: < 25 kg/m2) | 124.67 | −5.83, 255.17 | 0.06 | |
| Maternal 25(OH)D (Ref: ≥50 nmol/L) | 55.67 | −82.15, 193.49 | 0.43 | |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI*25(OH)D | 0.04 | |||
| BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D < 50 vs BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 | − 164.58 | −384.34, 55.19 | 0.05 | 0.21 |
| BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D < 50 vs BMI < 25, 25(OH)D < 50 | −95.57 | − 324.39, 133.24 | 0.28 | 0.70 |
| BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D < 50 vs BMI < 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 | −39.91 | − 236.31, 156.50 | 0.60 | 0.95 |
| BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 vs BMI < 25, 25(OH)D < 50 | 69.00 | − 140.90, 278.91 | 0.39 | 0.83 |
| BMI ≥ 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 vs BMI < 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 | 124.67 | −47.01, 296.35 | 0.06 | 0.24 |
| BMI < 25, 25(OH)D < 50 vs BMI < 25, 25(OH)D ≥ 50 | 55.67 | − 125.64, 236.97 | 0.43 | 0.85 |
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, BMI Body mass index, UVB Ultraviolet B
aData were compared using a linear fixed effect model for continuous variables followed by post hoc Tukey’s tests with Tukey-Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons
bSex of infant (male vs. female)
cUVB period (April 1st-October 31st or November 1st-March 31st)
dMaternal pre-pregnancy BMI (BMI < 25 kg/m2 or BMI ≥25 kg/m2)
eMaternal serum 25(OH)D (≥ or < 50 nmol/L)