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. 2022 Feb;23(1):15–25. doi: 10.1177/15271544211056051

Table 4.

Effects of Staffing and NH Characteristics on Outcomes (District Level).

  COVID-19 infection rate (%) COVID-19 mortality rate (%) No. of COVID-19 resident infections in each administrative district/ No. of total nursing homes in each administrative district(%) No. of COVID-19 resident deaths in each administrative district/ No. of total nursing homes in each administrative district(%)
Coeff Std error p-value Coeff Std error p-value Coeff Std error p-value Coeff Std error p-value
Intercept -5.701 3.583 0.115 -1.049 0.561 0.065 -383.220 245.894 0.122 -66.516 38.091 0.084
Bed size 1.094 0.640 0.090 0.201 0.100 0.048* 73.180 43.886 0.098 12.680 6.798 0.065
Skill mix (proportion of RN/RN + CNA) -0.626 0.313 0.049* -0.088 0.049 0.076 -44.472 21.504 0.041* -6.456 3.331 0.055
Ratio of Care workers/residents 9.270 4.299 0.033* 1.458 0.673 0.033* 647.979 294.974 0.030* 101.292 45.694 0.029*
Ratio of Physician/residents -12.512 19.477 0.522 -1.236 3.050 0.686 -728.209 1336.522 0.587 -81.779 207.040 0.694
Ratio of Physical therapist/residents -83.019 54.596 0.131 -12.669 8.550 0.142 -5319.798 3746.351 0.159 -817.962 580.347 0.162
Facility quality evaluation by Korean National Health Insurance Corporation
 A gradea 0.221 0.301 0.464 0.025 0.047 0.591 16.019 20.666 0.440 2.119 3.201 0.509
 B gradeb -0.896 0.288 0.200 -0.158 0.045 0.100 -62.033 19.751 0.200 -10.433 3.060 0.100
 C gradec -0.038 0.285 0.895 -0.013 0.045 0.770 0.577 19.570 0.977 -0.245 3.032 0.936
 D graded -0.526 0.262 0.470 -0.085 0.041 0.420 -37.305 17.984 0.410 -5.881 2.786 0.370
 E gradee 0.226 0.315 0.475 0.035 0.049 0.483 11.577 21.615 0.593 1.778 3.348 0.597
Province-fixed effects Yes  Yes  Yes  Yes
R-squared 0.131  0.125  0.129  0.125
F-statistic 0.628  0.593  0.613  0.594

Note. RN = Registered nurse; CNA = Certified nursing assistants; Coeff = coefficient; Std error = standard error; aScore of 90 or more, and 70 points or more of each major classification area; bScore of 80 or more, and 60 points or more of each major classification area; cScore of 70 or more, and 50 points or more of each major classification area; dScore of 60 or more, and 40 points or more of each major classification area; eScore of 59 or less, and 39 points or less in each major classification area; *p < 0.05; COVID-19 infection rate = No. of residents infected with COVID-19 in each administrative district / No. of total NH resident in each administrative district; COVID-19 mortality rate = No. of COVID-19 residents who died of COVID-19 in each administrative district / No. of total NH resident in each administrative district.