Table 3.
Univariable (unadjusted) and multivariable (adjusted) logistic regression analysis for Low Back Pain and its Related Factors.
| Variable | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 1.612 (1.347–1.930) | <0.0001 | 1.244 (1.028–1.504) | 0.027 |
| Age (Year) | ||||
| 35–44 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 45–54 | 1.415 (1.307–1.513) | <0.0001 | 1.214 (1.103–1.336) | 0.001 |
| 55–64 | 1.608 (1.432–1.805) | <0.0001 | 1.237 (1.074–1.423) | 0.005 |
| >65 | 1.636 (1.352–1.980) | <0.0001 | 1.131 (0.895–1.430) | 0.283 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | ||||
| Normal | Reference | Reference | ||
| Underweight | 0.644 (0.546–0.761) | <0.0001 | 0.773 (0.693–0.863) | <0.0001 |
| Overweight | 1.236 (1.160–1.317) | <0.0001 | 1.135 (1.079–1.195) | <0.0001 |
| Obese | 1.564 (1.431–1.708) | <0.0001 | 1.218 (1.160–1.279) | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Fars | Reference | Reference | ||
| Azari | 1.172 (0.796–1.172) | 0.398 | 1.167 (0.775–1.757) | 0.438 |
| Balouch | 0.796 (0.574–0.796) | 0.157 | 0.858 (0.616–1.195) | 0.343 |
| Kurd | 1.341 (0.871–1.341) | 0.169 | 1.374 (0.944–2.001) | 0.092 |
| Lor | 0.682 (0.501–0.682) | 0.018 | 0.680 (0.525–0.881) | 0.006 |
| Arab | 1.492 (1.206–1.492) | 0.001 | 1.500 (1.187–1.895) | 0.002 |
| Zaboli | 0.784 (0.563–0.784) | 0.138 | 0.862 (0.638–1.164) | 0.311 |
| Gilak | 1.330 (0.950–1.330) | 0.091 | 1.271 (0.945–1.710) | 0.106 |
| Turk nomad | 0.776 (0.603–0.776) | 0.050 | 0.817 (0.577–1.155) | 0.235 |
| Arab nomad | 1.159 (0.584–1.159) | 0.656 | 1.194 (0.530–2.688) | 0.651 |
| Mazani | 2.494 (1.790–2.494) | <0.0001 | 2.808 (2.101–3.753) | 0.000 |
| Mixed | 1.162 (0.804–1.162) | 0.401 | 1.169 (0.827–1.653) | 0.353 |
| Living area | ||||
| Urban | Reference | Reference | ||
| Rural | 1.208 (0.941–1.551) | 0.128 | 1.034 (0.847–1.263) | 0.727 |
| Education | ||||
| Illiterate | Reference | Reference | ||
| Primary school | 0.780 (0.679–0.859) | 0.001 | 0.943 (0.869–1.024) | 0.154 |
| Guidance school | 0.652 (0.558–0.762) | <0.0001 | 0.930 (0.822–1.053) | 0.236 |
| High school | 0.636 (0.531–0.762) | <0.0001 | 0.927 (0.800–1.074) | 0.291 |
| University | 0.585 (0.458–0.747) | <0.0001 | 0.882 (0.722–1.078) | 0.204 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | Reference | Reference | ||
| Unemployed | 1.383 (0.903–2.121) | 0.127 | 1.130 (0.920–1.390) | 0.227 |
| Housewife | 1.687 (1.401–2.031) | <0.0001 | 1.151 (0.938–1.413) | 0.165 |
| Retired | 1.326 (1.162–1.514) | <0.0001 | 1.126 (0.961–1.319) | 0.134 |
| Smoking history | ||||
| Non-smoker | Reference | Reference | ||
| Former smoker | 0.932 (0.793–1.096) | 0.373 | 1.259 (1.164–1.361) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 0.861 (0.714–1.038) | 0.110 | 1.28 (1.178–1.392) | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Medium | Reference | Reference | ||
| Low | 1.012 (0.922–1.110) | 0.789 | 1.078 (1.015–1.145) | 0.018 |
| High | 1.035 (0.891–1.202) | 0.637 | 1.032 (0.986–1.080) | 0.168 |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Single | Reference | Reference | ||
| Married | 0.856 (0.763–0.960) | 0.011 | 1.044 (0.964–1.129) | 0.272 |
| Sleep duration | ||||
| Normal | Reference | Reference | ||
| Short | 1.137 (1.016–1.271) | 0.028 | 1.095 (1.02–1.175) | 0.015 |
| Long | 1.096 (0.998–1.203) | 0.055 | 1.038 (0.985–1.094) | 0.155 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| 1st quintile | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2nd quintile | 0.879 (0.725–1.068) | 0.181 | 0.993 (0.874–1.127) | 0.903 |
| 3rd quintile | 0.836 (0.615–1.135) | 0.233 | 1.075 (0.916–1.26) | 0.354 |
| 4th quintile | 0.888 (0.688–1.146) | 0.339 | 1.17 (1.017–1.346) | 0.030 |
| 5th quintile | 0.819 (0.625–1.072) | 0.136 | 1.18 (1.01–1.378) | 0.038 |
| Morning stiffness in joint | ||||
| Negative | Reference | Reference | ||
| Positive | 3.681 (2.568–5.276) | <0.0001 | 2.128 (1.544–2.933) | <0.0001 |
| Joint pain | ||||
| Negative | Reference | Reference | ||
| Positive | 2.863 (2.382–3.442) | <0.0001 | 2.538 (2.231–2.887) | <0.0001 |