Table 2.

Anti-inflammatory and immune-related therapeutics associated with dry eye disease.

Group	Drug name	Clinic/Trail dosage	Administration method	Properties	Reference
Antibiotics	Azithromycin	1%	Topical administration	good tolerance, alleviate symptoms of dry eye and restore tear film	(91, 92)
	Tetracycline	0.05%	Topical administration	inhibit MMPs, downregulate inflammatory cytokines, and promote the recovery of meibomian gland function	(93)
	Doxycycline	0.03%	Topical administration	downregulate IL-1β, IL-6 and MMPs significantly, alleviate symptoms of dry eye, improve meibomian gland function	(18, 94, 95)
		100 mg	Oral administration
	Minocycline	50 mg, 100 mg	Oral administration	inhibit the growth of bacteria, improve the MGD, but reduce the secretion of tear volume	(94, 96)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Ketorolac tromethamine	0.40%	Topical administration	downregulate inflammation, suitable for ocular infections caused by allergic conjunctivitis and inflammation after various ophthalmic operations	(97, 98)
	Pranoprofen	0.10%	Topical administration	relieve dry eye symptoms, reduce inflammatory factors, good tolerance	(99, 100)
	Diclofenac	0.10%	Topical administration	improve dry eye symptoms, reduce inflammation, good absorption	(101, 102)
	Phospho-sulindac (OXT-328)	0.05%-1.6%	Topical administration	suppress NF-κB pathway, inhibit IL-6, CXCL8 and MMPs activity	(103, 104)
	Flurbiprofen	0.03%	Topical administration	reduce inflammation, inhibit the expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and relieve dry eye symptoms	(105)
	Nepafenac	0.10%	Topical administration	inhibits cyclooxygenase 2, has no obvious effect on the production of inflammatory factors and tears, and is not suitable for severe dry eye	(106, 107)
	Bromfenac	0.10%	Topical administration	reduce inflammation, good tolerance, will not affect eye sensitivity and tear secretion	(108, 109)
Glucocorticoids	Methylprednisolone	0.10%	Topical administration	improve dry eye symptoms, reduce tear osmotic pressure, and inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines	(110, 111)
	Dexamethasone	0.10%	Topical administration	downregulate IL-1β, IL-6 and MMPs significantly, alleviate the symptoms of dry eye, stabilize tear film and improve MGD	(18, 112)
	Fluorometholone	0.10%	Topical administration	activate glucocorticoid receptors, relieve dry eye symptoms, reduce the deterioration caused by desiccating stress and enhance the expression of mucin	(113–115)
	Loteprednol	0.25%	Topical administration	relieve dry eye symptoms, good tolerance, stabilize tear film	(116, 117)
Immuno-suppressants	Cyclosporine A	0.05%	Topical administration	inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, improve anti-inflammatory activity, alleviate dry eye symptoms and stabilize tear film	(118, 119)
	Tacrolimus	0.01%, 0.03%	Topical administration	improve ocular surface condition and tear secretion, relieve dry eye symptoms, suitable for dry eyes caused by Sjogren's syndrome	(120, 121)
	Voclosporin	0.20%	Topical administration	inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, relieve the symptoms of dry eye and reduce the loss of goblet cells	(122, 123)
LFA-1 antagonists	Lifitegrast	5%	Topical administration	inhibit the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes, reduce the release of inflammatory mediators and relieve the symptoms of dry eye	(124, 125)
Thymosin β4	RGN-259	0.10%	Topical administration	significantly alleviate the symptoms of dry eye, with a larger safety window, with no side effects	(126, 127)