Table 3.
Comparison of the junior Temperament and Character Inventory (jTCI) data collected in Italian third, fourth and fifth graders before [2010–2011, (77)] and during the COVID-19 pandemic (October-November 2020).
| Group | Scale | jTCI score before the pandemic (2010–2011) | jTCI score during the pandemic (Oct-Nov 2020) | t [95% CI] | pBonf (effect size) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | NS | 7.6 ± 3.1 | 7.1 ± 2.9 | 1.4 [−0.2;1.2] |
1.00 (d = 0.17) |
| HA | 9.4 ± 4.5 | 7.9 ± 4.0 | 3.1 [0.6;2.5] |
0.02* (d = 0.36) |
|
| RD | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 4.0 ± 1.9 | 1.1 [−0.2;0.6] |
1.00 (d = 0.13) |
|
| P | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | −1.1 [−0.5;0.1] |
1.00 (d = −0.13) |
|
| SD | 11.6 ± 3.0 | 12.4 ± 3.1 | −2.2 [−1.5;−0.1] |
0.19 (d = −0.26) |
|
| C | 14.0 ± 3.0 | 14.3 ± 3.1 | −0.9 [−1.0;0.4] |
1.00 (d = −0.11) |
|
| ST | 5.2 ± 2.1 | 5.6 ± 2.0 | −2.1 [−1.0;0.0] |
0.27 (d = −0.24) |
|
| Girls | NS | 6.3 ± 3.1 | 5.5 ± 2.8 | 2.0 [0.0;1.5] |
0.31 (d = 0.25) |
| HA | 10.3 ± 4.0 | 9.6 ± 4.1 | 1.4 [−0.3;1.7] |
1.00 (d = 0.17) |
|
| RD | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 4.9 ± 1.9 | 0.4 [−0.3;0.5] |
1.00 (d = 0.05) |
|
| P | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | −1.8 [−0.6;0.0] |
0.48 (d = −0.23) |
|
| SD | 12.5 ± 3.7 | 12.5 ± 3.5 | −0.1 [−0.9;0.9] |
1.00 (d = −0.01) |
|
| C | 15.1 ± 2.3 | 15.8 ± 2.3 | −2.3 [−1.2;−0.1] |
0.14 (d = −0.29) |
|
| ST | 5.3 ± 2.1 | 5.9 ± 1.9 | −2.2 [−1.1;−0.1] |
0.18 (d = −0.28) |
|
| Boys and Girls | NS | 6.9 ± 3.2 | 6.4 ± 3.0 | 2.2 [0.1;1.1] |
0.21 (d = 0.19) |
| HA | 9.9 ± 4.3 | 8.7 ± 4.1 | 3.3 [0.5;1.9] |
<0.01* (d = 0.29) |
|
| RD | 4.6 ± 1.7 | 4.4 ± 1.9 | 1.3 [−0.1;0.5] |
1.00 (d = 0.11) |
|
| P | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | −2.0 [−0.5;0.0] |
0.29 (d = −0.17) |
|
| SD | 12.0 ± 3.4 | 12.4 ± 3.3 | −1.5 [−1.0;0.1] |
1.00 (d = −0.13) |
|
| C | 14.5 ± 2.7 | 15.0 ± 2.9 | −1.9 [−0.9;0.0] |
0.44 (d = −0.16) |
|
| ST | 5.2 ± 2.1 | 5.8 ± 2.0 | −3.0 [−0.9;−0.2] |
0.02* (d = −0.26) |
NS, Novelty Seeking; HA, Harm Avoidance; RD, Reward Dependence; P, Persistence; SD, Self-Directedness; C, Cooperativeness; ST, Self-Transcendence. Asterisk indicates significant difference (*p < 0.05).