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. 2022 Jan 17;11:704999. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.704999

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Knockout of PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 via CRISPR/Cas9 enhanced the anti-tumor immune response. The increased level of PD-1 in T cells, PD-L1 in tumor cells and CTLA-4 in APC cells may cause acquired immune resistance and attenuates the function of CTLs. The depletion of PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA-4 via CRISPR/Cas9 technology could overcome the cancer immune resistance and enhance cancer immunotherapy effect. Blue represents the progress of immunotherapy, while pink represents the progress of CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The mixed color represents the key studies of the combined two technologies.