Table 2.

Foods and herbal drugs that modulate P-gp and CYP3A4 activity (8, 25, 26).

	P-glycoprotein	CYP3A4
Inhibitors	Humans: Ginkgo biloba, berberine. Animal models: Black pepper, grape juice, apigenin, rutin, capsaicin. In vitro: Lemonin, soybean extract, notoginsenoside R1, curcumin, green tea, fisetin, honokiol, ginger.	Echinacea purpurea (*). Garlic (*). Valerian (*). Plants from Traditional Chinese Medicine (Acacia catechu, Andrographis paniculata, Arctium lappa, Areca catechu, Bupleurum marginatum, Dysosma versipellis, and Spatholobus suberectus). In vitro: Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)
Inducers	Humans: St. John's wort. Animal models: Quercetin, scutellaria, soy milk and miso, sucralose, licorice root. In vitro: Genipin, mango.	St. John's wort.

^(*)Mild CYP3A4 inhibition.

This table is based on evidences from Di Minno et al., Mousa et al., Tsai et al., Ashour et al., Yale et al. and Buhner SH (13, 28, 29, 31, 51, 52).