Table 3.
Wearable devices employed by included artificial intelligence studies.
| Authors | Device | Location of device | Number of devices | Sampling frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buckley et al. 26 | OpalTM, APDM Inc, Portland, OR, USA | 5th lumbar vertebra, Back of the head | 2 | 128 Hz |
| Fino et al. 27 | Opal v1, APDM, Inc. Portland, OR USA | Forehead, lumbar spine, bilateral anterior distal region of shank. | 4 | 128 Hz |
| Ilg et al. 28 | Opal, APDM, Inc. Portland, WA | Both feet, posterior trunk at the level of L5. | 3 | N/A |
| Mc Ardle et al. 10 | Accelerometer-based wearable (AX3, Axivity, York, UK) | L5 | 1 | 100 Hz |
| Simila et al. 29 | Accelerometer (GCDC X16-2) | Centre of lower back between L3-L5, anterior right hip | 2 | 100 Hz |
| Stack et al. 30 | Tri-axial wearable sensors containing accelerometers and gyroscopes (2000° at 0.06 dps resolution) | Waist, ankles, wrists | 5 | N/A |
| Tesconi et al. 31 | Sensorised shoe, knee band KB and on body | Pressure sensors placed on the sole of the shoe near the heel | 2 | N/A |
| Zhang et al. 32 | 3D accelerometers (MTw, Awinda, Xsens, Enschede, The Netherlands) | Midline of lower back L3 and each foot | 3 | 100 Hz (resampled to 200 Hz using linear interpolation) |
| Zhou et al. 33 | Wearable sensors (LegSysTM, BioSensics LLC., MA, USA) | Lower back and dominant front lower shin for standing balance task. Sensors on both lower shin for supervised walking. Sensors worn in front of the chest for unsupervised walking | Standing balance task and gait task: 2; unsupervised gait: 1 | 50 Hz |
| De Vos et al. 34 | OpalTM, APDM, Portland, USA | Lumbar spine, right arm, right foot | 6 | 100 Hz |
| Di Lazzaro et al. 35 | Movit (Captiks Srl, Rome Italy) | Hands (tremor, RAHM), thighs (LA), feet (HTT) calves and trunk (PT), arms and trunk (TUG) | 9 | 50 Hz |
| Hsu et al. 36 | Delsys Trigno (Delsys Inc., Boston, MA, USA) | Lower back (L5) and both sides of the thigh, distal tibia (shank), and foot | 7 | 148 Hz |
| Jung et al. 37 | Xsens MVN, Enschede, Overijssel, the Netherland | Posterior pelvis, both thighs, both shanks, both feet | 7 | N/A |
| Kashyap et al. 38 | InvenSense, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA Design Chipset “MPU-9150” | 10 cm from the mouth, dorsum of hand, wrist, 1.5 m from the subject, dorsum of the foot, xiphisternum, midline upper back, both ankles | 1 (one device for multiple settings) | 50 Hz |
| Mannini et al. 39 | IMU (Opal, APDM, Inc., Portland, OR, USA) and Gait pressure mat (GAITRite TM Electronic Walkway, CIR System Inc., Franklin, NJ, USA) | Both shanks (20 mm above the malleoli), lumbar spine between L4 and S2 | 3 | 128 Hz (IMUs), 120 Hz (walkway) |
| Moon et al. 40 | Opal, APDM, Inc., Portland, OR, USA | On dorsal side of wrists, dorsal side of feet metatarsals, sternum, L5 lumbar | 6 | 128 Hz |
| Nukala et al. 41 | Texas Instruments, Dallas, TA, USA | T4 at the back | 1 | 160 Hz |
| Rastegari 42 | SHIMMER | Left and right ankle | 2 | 102 Hz |
| Rehman et al. 43 | Tri-axial accelerometer (BSN Medical Limited, Hull, UK), instrumented mat (Platinum model GAITRite) | Lower back L5 | 1 | tri-axial accelerometer (100 Hz), instrumented mat (240 Hz) |
| Rovini et al. 44 | SensFoot V2 | Dorsum of foot | 1 | 100 Hz |
| Steinmetzer et al. 45 | Meta motion rectangle wearable sensors from Mbientlab | Wrists | 2 | 100 Hz |
| Tedesco et al. 46 | Custom made | (1) Anterior tibia, 10 cm below the tibial tuberosity; (2) Lateral thigh, 15 cm above the tibial tuberosity |
4 (2 per leg) | 100 Hz |