Table 3.
Dependent variables: Preventive behaviors (Fixed-effects model).
| Panel A. Male sample | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With dummies | ||||
| (1) Preventive behaviors | (2) Staying indoors | (3) Wearing a mask | (4) Washing hands | |
| Before the state of emergency | <default> | |||
| Time 3 | 0.31*** (0.02) |
0.40*** (0.04) |
0.42*** (0.04) |
0.12*** (0.02) |
| Time 4 | 0.65*** (0.03) |
0.79*** (0.05) |
0.88*** (0.06) |
0.28*** (0.04) |
| Time 5 | 0.53*** (0.04) |
0.35*** (0.04) |
0.95*** (0.07) |
0.29*** (0.04) |
| Infected with COVID-19 | 0.01 (0.01) |
0.04* (0.02) |
−0.007 (0.02) |
−0.005 (0.01) |
| Within R-Square | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.05 |
| With dummies and its cross term | ||||
| Before the state of emergency | <default> | |||
| Time 3 × Treatment | 0.22*** (0.05) |
0.33*** (0.10) |
0.27*** (0.08) |
0.08 (0.06) |
| Time 4 × Treatment | 0.30*** (0.07) |
0.42*** (0.11) |
0.32*** (0.12) |
0.16* (0.09) |
| Time 5 × Treatment | 0.22*** (0.07) |
0.34*** (0.10) |
0.23* (0.12) |
0.10 (0.09) |
| Time 3 | 0.16*** (0.05) |
0.17* (0.09) |
0.24*** (0.08) |
0.07 (0.06) |
| Time 4 | 0.46*** (0.06) |
0.52*** (0.10) |
0.68*** (0.10) |
0.17** (0.08) |
| Time 5 | 0.40*** (0.06) |
0.15 (0.09) |
0.82*** (0.10) |
0.24*** (0.08) |
| Infected with COVID-19 | − 0.01 (0.01) |
0.01 (0.02) |
−0.03 (0.03) |
−0.01 (0.01) |
| Within R-Square Obs. Groups |
0.25 4,197 843 |
0.14 4,197 843 |
0.21 4,197 843 |
0.05 4,197 843 |
| Panel B. Female sample | ||||
| With dummies | ||||
| (1) Preventive behaviors | (2) Staying indoors | (3) Wearing a mask | (4) Washing hands | |
| Before the state of emergency | <default> | |||
| Time 3 | 0.37*** (0.02) |
0.49*** (0.04) |
0.42*** (0.04) |
0.19*** (0.02) |
| Time 4 | 0.61*** (0.03) |
0.75*** (0.05) |
0.76*** (0.06) |
0.32*** (0.03) |
| Time 5 | 0.41*** (0.03) |
0.27*** (0.05) |
0.71*** (0.06) |
0.28*** (0.03) |
| Infected with COVID-19 | 0.02 (0.01) |
0.06*** (0.02) |
0.001 (0.02) |
−0.004 (0.01) |
| Within R-Square | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.06 |
| With dummies and its cross term | ||||
| Before the state of emergency | <default> | |||
| Time 3 × Treatment | 0.27*** (0.05) |
0.37*** (0.09) |
0.30*** (0.08) |
0.12** (0.06) |
| Time 4 × Treatment | 0.20*** (0.06) |
0.29*** (0.10) |
0.17 (0.10) |
0.13* (0.07) |
| Time 5 × Treatment | 0.15** (0.06) |
0.27** (0.10) |
0.13 (0.11) |
0.05 (0.06) |
| Time 3 | 0.20*** (0.04) |
0.28** (0.09) |
0.22*** (0.07) |
0.11** (0.05) |
| Time 4 | 0.52*** (0.05) |
0.62*** (0.09) |
0.68*** (0.09) |
0.25*** (0.07) |
| Time 5 | 0.36*** (0.05) |
0.16 (0.10) |
0.66*** (0.09) |
0.27*** (0.06) |
| Infected with COVID-19 | 0.01 (0.01) |
0.04** (0.02) |
−0.01 (0.02) |
−0.01 (0.01) |
| Within R-Square Obs. Groups |
0.26 4,266 856 |
0.15 4,266 856 |
0.18 4,266 856 |
0.06 4,266 856 |
Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate robust standard errors clustered by individuals. ***, ***, and * indicate statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively.