Table 3.

Mapping effective coverage measures for women and newborns against the steps of the coverage cascade: by health service or intervention type and the data source and the number of items to measure each step

Reference	Author reported measure	Health service or intervention	Target population	Service contact coverage	Input-adjusted coverage	Intervention coverage	Process quality-adjusted coverage	User-adherence adjusted coverage	Outcome-adjusted coverage
Childbirth &/or immediate newborn care (Table S4 in the Online Supplementary Document )
Nesbitt et al. 2013 [44]	Effective coverage	Intrapartum & immediate newborn care	Surveillance*	Surveillance*	HF, n = 20*	HF (HCW), n = 24*	HF (HCW), n = 3*	‡	‡
Larson et al. 2017 [46]	Effective coverage	Obstetric care	HH*	HH*	HF, n = 37*	HF records, n = 4*	HF records, n = 2*	‡	‡
Baker et al. 2015 [47]	Effective coverage	Active management of third stage of labour	HH*	HH*	HF, n = 2*	HF (HCW), n = 1*	†	‡	‡
	Effective coverage	Use of partograph to monitor labour	HH*	HH*	HF, n = 1*	†	HF (HCW), n = 1*	‡	‡
Munos et al. 2018 [39]	Process-adjusted coverage	Labour & delivery	MICS*	MICS*	HF, n = 9*	†	HF (HCW), n = 10*	‡	‡
Kanyangarara et al. 2018 [32]	Coverage of obstetric services: readiness	Obstetric service	DHS/MICS*	DHS/MICS, n = 1*	SPA/SARA, n = 23*	†	†	‡	‡
	Coverage of obstetric services: service availability	Obstetric service	DHS/MICS*	DHS/MICS*	SPA/SARA, n = 9*	†	†	‡	‡
Kemp et al. 2018 [48]	Facility readiness	Facility delivery	DHS*	DHS*	SARA, n = 70*	†	†	‡	‡
Wang et al. 2019 [35]	Effective coverage	Facility delivery	DHS*	DHS*	SPA, n = 53*	†	†	‡	‡
Munos et al. 2018 [39]	Structure-adjusted coverage	Labour & delivery	MICS*	MICS*	HF, n = 33*	†	†	‡	‡
Sharma et al. 2017 [42]	Population access to quality infrastructure	Delivery care	DHS*	DHS*	SPA, n = 20*	†	†	‡	‡
Willey et al. 2018 [49]	Effective coverage	Basic emergency obstetric care	HH*	HH*	HF, n = 18*	†	†	‡	‡
Nguhiu et al. 2017 [41]	Effective coverage	Skilled delivery & perinatal care	DHS*	DHS*	SPA, n = 9*	†	†	‡	‡
Munos et al. 2018 [39]	Structure-adjusted coverage	Immediate newborn care	MICS*	MICS*	HF, n = 9*	†	†	‡	‡
Nguyen et al. 2021 [50]	Input-adjusted coverage	Birth care	DHS*	DHS*	SPA, n = 5*	†	†	‡	‡
Sharma et al. 2017 [42]	Population access to quality care	Delivery care	DHS*	DHS*	†	SPA, n = 12*	SPA, n = 6*	‡	‡
Munos et al. 2018 [39]	Process-adjusted coverage	Immediate newborn care	MICS*	MICS*	†	HF (HCW), n = 17*	HF (HCW), n = 2*	‡	‡
Okawa et al. 2019a [51]	Quality-adjusted contact	Peripartum care	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 6*	HH, n = 1*	‡	‡
Joseph et al. 2020 [40]	Quality-adjusted coverage	Post-delivery care	MICS*	MICS*	†	SPA, n = 2*	SPA, n = 1*	‡	‡
Okawa et al. 2019b [52]	Adequate contacts with high quality care	Peripartum care	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 3*	†	‡	‡
Marchant et al. 2015 [34]	High quality contact	Prevention of haemorrhage	HH*	HH*	†	HF (HCW), n = 2*	†	‡	‡
Shibanuma et al. 2018 [53]	Continuum of Care achievement	Facility delivery	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 2*	†	‡	‡
Leslie et al. 2019 [43]	Effective coverage	Delivery care	ENSANUT*	HMIS*	†	†	†	‡	HMIS, n = 1*
		Immediate newborn care	ENSANUT*	HMIS*	†	†	†	‡	HMIS, n = 1*
Care of sick newborns (Table S5 in the Online Supplementary Document )
Murphy et al. 2018 [45]	Effective coverage	Inpatient neonatal care	Estimate*§	Medical records*	HF, n = 127*	Medical records, n = 3*	Medical records, n = 28*	†	†
Exclusive breastfeeding (Table S6 in the Online Supplementary Document )
Nguhiu et al. 2017 [41]	Effective coverage	Exclusive Breastfeeding	DHS*	DHS*	†	†	†	DHS, n = 1*	‡
Postnatal care (Table S7 in the Online Supplementary Document )
Baker et al. 2015 [47]	Effective coverage	PPC for women within 48hrs of delivery	HH*	HH*	HF, n = 1*	†	HH, n = 1*	‡	‡
Munos et al. 2018 [39]	Structure-adjusted coverage	Post-discharge PNC for women and baby within 2 d of birth	HH*	HH*	HF, n = 24*	†	†	‡	‡
Okawa et al. 2019a [51]	Quality-adjusted contact	PNC for women and newborn	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 6*	HH, n = 11*	‡	‡
Okawa et al. 2019b [52]	Adequate contacts with high quality care	PNC for women and newborn	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 4*	HH, n = 10*	‡	‡
Carvajal Aguirre et al 2017 [36]	Content coverage	PNC for women and baby	DHS*	DHS*	†	DHS, n = 3*	DHS, n = 2*	DHS, n = 2*	‡
Shibanuma et al. 2018 [53]	Continuum of Care achievement	PNC for women and child within 48hrs, 2 & 6 wks post-delivery	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 1*	HH, n = 2*	‡	‡
Munos et al. 2018 [39]	Process-adjusted coverage	PNC for women and baby within 2 d of birth	HH*	HH*	†	O, n = 3*	O, n = 8*	‡	‡
Marchant et al. 2015 [34]	High quality contact	PPC for women within 48hrs of birth	HH*	HH*	†	†	HH, n = 3*	‡	‡
		PNC for newborn within 48 h of birth	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 1*	HH, n = 2*	‡	‡
Hategeka et al. 2020 [54]	Effective coverage	PPC for women before discharge	DHS*	DHS*	†	†	DHS, n = 2*	‡	‡

DHS – Demographic Health Survey, ENSANUT – Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey, HCW – health care worker interview (conducted as part of a health facility assessment), HF – health facility assessment, HH – household survey, HMIS – Health Management Information System, MICS – Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, n – number of items used to measure indicator, O – observations, PPC – post-partum care, PNC – post-natal care, SPA – Service Provision Assessment

*Indicates items measured that map to steps of Marsh et al.’s coverage cascade.

†Indicates no items measured.

‡Indicates steps of the cascade that Marsh et al. consider are not amenable to measurement for a particular service.

§Murphy et al. estimated the target population by extrapolating rate of newborns requiring inpatient services to the total number of live births in the study population [45].