Table 4.

Mapping effective coverage measures for children under five against the steps of the coverage cascade: by health service or intervention type and the data source and the number of items to measure each step

Reference	Author reported measure	Health service or intervention	Target population	Service contact coverage	Input-adjusted coverage	Intervention coverage	Process quality-adjusted coverage	User-adherence adjusted coverage	Outcome-adjusted coverage
Sick child care (Table S8 in the Online Supplementary Document )
Koulidiati et al. 2018 [38]	Effective coverage	Treatment of illness	HH*	HH*	HF, n = 16	†	O, n = 8*	‡	‡
Nguhiu et al. 2017 [41]	Effective coverage	Quality primary care for children: treatment of ARI and/or fever	DHS*	DHS*	SPA, n = 2	†	SPA, n = 5*	‡	‡
Munos et al. 2018 [39]	Structure-adjusted coverage	Care seeking fever, cough, or diarrhoea	MICS*	MICS*	HF, n = 25	†	†	‡	‡
Carter et al. 2018 [55]	Input based effective coverage	Treatment of diarrhoea, fever, ARI or a combination	HH*	HH*	HF, n = 20	†	†	‡	‡
Nguyen et al. 2021 [50]	Input-adjusted coverage	Treatment of diarrhoea or ARI	DHS*	DHS*	SPA, n = 9	†	†	‡	‡
Leslie et al. 2017 [33]	Effective coverage	Treatment for diarrhoea, fever or ARI	DHS/MICS*	DHS/MICS*	†	SPA, n = 2*	SPA, n = 20*	‡	‡
Smith et al. 2010 [56]	Treatment pathway	Treatment for malaria	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 2*	HH, n = 1*	‡	‡
Millar et al. 2014 [57]	Treatment pathway	Treatment for malaria	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 2*	HH, n = 1*	‡	‡
Hategeka et al. 2020 [54]	Effective coverage	Treatment for diarrhoea	DHS*	DHS*	†	DHS, n = 1*	†	‡	‡
		Treatment for pneumonia	DHS*	DHS*	†	DHS, n = 1*	†	‡	‡
		Treatment for malaria	DHS*	DHS*	†	DHS, n = 1*	†	‡	‡
Munos et al. 2018 [39]	Process-adjusted coverage	Care seeking fever, cough, or diarrhoea	MICS*	MICS*	†	†	O, n = 6*	‡	‡
Leslie et al. 2019 [43]	Effective coverage	Treatment for ARI	ENSANUT*	HMIS*	†	†	†	‡	HMIS, n = 1*
		Treatment for diarrhoea	ENSANUT*	HMIS*	†	†	†	‡	HMIS, n = 1*
Complementary feeding (Table S9 in the Online Supplementary Document )
Aaron et al. 2016 [58]	Effective coverage	Complementary feeding supplement	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 1*	†	HH, n = 1*	‡
Leyvraz et al. 2016a [59]	Effective coverage	Fortified complementary food	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 1*	†	HH, n = 2*	‡
Leyvraz et al. 2016b [60]	Effective coverage	Fortified complementary food	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 1*	†	HH, n = 2*	‡
Leyvraz et al. 2018 [61]	Effective coverage	Micronutrient powder	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 1*	†	HH, n = 2*	‡
Nguyen et al. 2016 [62]	Effective coverage	Micronutrient powder	HH*	HH*	†	HH, n = 1*	†	HH, n = 2*	‡
Growth monitoring (Table S10 in the Online Supplementary Document )
Nguyen et al. 2021 [50]	Input-adjusted coverage	Growth Monitoring	DHS*	DHS*	SPA, n = 6*	†	†	†	†
ITN (Table S11 in the Online Supplementary Document )
Nguhiu et al. 2017 [41]	Effective coverage	Use of ITN	DHS*	DHS*	†	DHS, n = 1*	†	‡	‡
Vaccines (Table S12 in the Online Supplementary Document )
Nguhiu et al. 2017 [41]	Effective coverage	Quality primary care for children: complete set of basic vaccines	DHS*	DHS*	SPA, n = 2*	†	SPA, n = 5*	‡	‡
Mokdad et al. 2015 [37]	Missed opportunities	MMR vaccine: facilities with MMR in stock	HH*	VC or HH*	HF, n = 1*	†	VC or HH, n = 1*	‡	‡
		MMR vaccine: facilities with MMR stock-out in last 3 mo	HH*	VC or HH*	HF, n = 1*	†	VC or HH, n = 1*	‡	‡
		MMR vaccine: facilities with ORS in stock	HH*	VC or HH*	HF, n = 1*	†	VC or HH, n = 1*	‡	‡
Mmanga et al. 2021 [63]	Effective immunisation coverage	Complete set of basic vaccines	DHS*	DHS*	†	DHS, n = 2*	DHS, n = 1*	‡	‡
Sheff et al. 2020 [64]	Quality coverage	Complete set of basic vaccines	HH*	VC*	†	VC, n = 1*	VC, n = 1*	‡	‡
Mokdad et al. 2015 [37]	Missed opportunities	Timely MMR vaccine	HH*	VC or HH*	†	†	VC or HH, n = 1*	‡	‡

DTP – diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, DHS – Demographic Health Survey, ENSANUT – Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey, HCW – health care worker interview (conducted as part of a health facility assessment), HF – health facility assessment, HH – household survey, HMIS – Health Management Information System, ITN – insecticide treated bednet, MICS – Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, MMR – measles, mumps and rubella, n – number of items used to measure indicator, O – observations, ORS – oral rehydration solution, SPA – Service Provision Assessment, VC – vaccination card

*Indicates items measured that map to steps of Marsh et al.’s coverage cascade.

†Indicates no items measured.

‡Indicates steps of the cascade that Marsh et al. consider are not amenable to measurement for a particular service.