Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of clinical studies.
| Study | Country | Design | Sample size (intervention/comparator) | Characteristics | Intervention | Administration | Co-treatment | Comparator | Duration of assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case report | |||||||||
| Fiorini et al. [31] | Brazil | Case report | 1/0 | 52 years old woman/mild | Brazilian green propolis | Brazilian green propolis at a dose of 45 drops, three times a day | At home, the patient maintained a healthy diet and adequate hydration | Not available | 14 days |
| Zorlu et al. [32] | Turkey | Case report | 1/0 | 38 years old male patient/severe | Anatolian propolis | Anatolian propolis given by dropping it into drinking water for 20 drops/d and increase to 80 drops/d | Hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, steroid, nebulizer, oxygen support; IV moxifloxacin, and tocilizumab | Not available | 1 month |
| Case series | |||||||||
| El Sayed et al. [18] | Egypt | One arm retrospective study for treatment | 20/0 | COVID-19 positive patients | TaibUVID | Oral solution for asymptomatic case, and inhalation for moderate and severe case | Pharmacological protocol (undefined) for all, and one patient received oxygen therapy | Not available | > 10 days |
| One arm retrospective study for prevention | 20/0 | Non-COVID-19 subjects | TaibUVID | One TaibUVID once daily | None | Not available | 14 days | ||
| Randomized control trial | |||||||||
| Ashraf et al. [17] | Pakistan | Double-blinded two-arm design | 157/156 | Hospitalized patients | Honey (1 g/kg) plus encapsulated Nigella sativa seeds (80 mg/kg) | Orally in 2–3 divided doses daily for up to 13 d | Antipyretics, antibiotics, anticoagulants, steroids, supplemental oxygen, and mechanical ventilation | Standard care | 13 days |
| Kosari et al. [33] | Iran | Unspecified two-arm design | 25/25 | Adult outpatients | Syrup containing 1.6 mg of Hyoscyamus niger methanolic extract plus 450 mg of propolis per 10 mL | 10 mL, 3 times a day for 6 d | Routine medications (not well-defined) | Standard care | 6 days |
| Silveira et al. [34] | Brazil | Open-label three-arm design | 82/40/42 | Hospitalized adult or elderly patients | Standardized Brazilian green propolis extract | 400 and 800 mg/d plus standard care | Supplemental oxygen, noninvasive or invasive ventilation, corticosteroids, antibiotics and/or antiviral agents, vasopressor support, renal replacement therapy, intra-aortic balloon pump, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | Standard care | 28 days |