Table 1.
| Name | Known Target | Indications | Ocular toxicity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) | |||
| Alectinib | ALK and RET | ALK + NSCLC | Nil |
| Brigatinib | ALK, ROS1, IGF-1R, Flt3, EGFR | ALK + NSCLC after crizotinib | Nil |
| Ceritinib | ALK, IGF-1R, InsR, ROS1 | ALK + NSCLC as first-line treatment or after crizotinib resistance | Nonspecitic vision disorder (vision impairment, blurred vision, photopsia, accommodation disorder) |
| Crizotinib | ALK, c-Met (HGFR), ROS1, MST1R | ALK+, ROS1+ NSCLC | Nonspecific vision disorder (diplopia, photopsia, photophobia, blurred vision, visual field defect, floaters) |
| Entrectinib | TRKA/B/C, ROS1, ALK | ROS1+ NSCLC; solid tumors with NTRK fusion proteins | Nil |
| Lorlatinib | ALK | ALK + NSCLC | Nil |
| Bosutinib | BCR-ABL, Src, Lyn, Hck | CML | Nil |
| Dasatinib | BCR-ABL, EGFR, Src, Lck, Yes, Fyn, Kit, EphA2, PDGFRβ | Ph + chronic ML and ALL | Optic neuropathy VKH like illness Dry eye/conjunctivitis Blurred vision Periorbital oedema |
| Imatinib | BCR-ABL, Kit, PDGFR | Ph + CML or ALL, CEL, DFSP, HES, GIST, MDS/MDP | VKH-like illness Glaucoma Neovascularisation, retinal haemorrhage, macular oedema Optic neuropathy/papilloedema Periorbital/eyelid oedema Keratitis/conjunctivitis/blepharitis Scleral/conjunctival haemorrhage Cataract |
| Nilotinib | BCR-ABL, PDGFR, DDR1 | Ph + CLL | Iridocyclitis Periorbital oedema Dry eye Conjunctivitis/blepharitis Conjunctival haemorrhage/hyperaemia Papilloedema |
| Ponatinib | BCR-ABL, BCR-ABL T315I, VEGFR, PDGFR, FGFR, EphR, Src family kinases, Kit, RET, Tie2, Flt3 | Ph + CML or ALL | Nil |
| Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) | |||
| Afatinib | EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB4 | NSCLC | Conjunctivitis Keratitis |
| Dacomitinib | EGFR/ErbB2/ErbB4 | EGFR- mutated NSCLC | Nil |
| Erlotinib | EGFR | SCLC and PaC | Ocular toxoplasmosis Trichomegaly and eyelid disease Corneal erosion and ocular surface disease (conjunctivitis/keratitis) Corneal perforation |
| Gefitinib | EGFR | NCLC | Trichomegaly and eyelid disease Corneal erosion and ocular surface disease (conjunctivitis) Corneal perforation Ocular ischaemia/haemorrhage Uveitis |
| Lapatinib | EGFR, ErbB2 | BC | Nil |
| Neratinib | ErbB2/HER2 | HER2+ breast cancer | Nil |
| Osimertinib | EGFR T970 M | NSCLC | Nil |
| Vandetanib | EGFRs, VEGFRs, RET, Brk, Tie2, EphRs, Src family kinases | MTC | Verticillata Conjunctivitis Corneal structural change Glaucoma Cataract |
| FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) | |||
| Gilteritinib | FLT3 | AMLwith FLT3 mutation5 | Nil |
| Midostaurin | FLT3 | ALL Flt3 mutation+ | Nil |
| Erdafitinib | FGFR1/2/3/4 | Urothelial carcinoma | Dry eye Blurred vision RPE detachment Retinal detachment |
| Ruxolitinib | JAK1 and 2 | MF and PV | Nil |
| Larotrectinib | NTRK | Solid tumors with NTRK gene fusion proteins | Nil |
| Axitinib | VEGFR1/2/3, PDGFRβ | RCC | Retinal artery/vein occlusion |
| Carbozantinib | RET, Met, VEGFR1/2/3, Kit, TrkB, Flt3, Axl, Tie2, ROS1 | Metastatic MTC, advanced RCC and HCC | Nil |
| Lenvatinib | VEGFRs, FGFRs, PDGFR, Kit, RET | DTC | Nil |
| Pazopanib | VEGFR1/2/3, PDGFRα/β, FGFR1/3, Kit, Lck, Fms, Itk | RCC, STS | Ocular surface Lid changes Retinal detachment |
| Regorafenib | VEGFR1/2/3, BCR-ABL, BRAF, BRAF(V600E), Kit, PDGFRα/β, RET, FGFR1/2, Tie2, Eph2A | CRC, GIST | Nil |
| Sorafenib | B/C-Raf, BRAF (V600E), Kit, Flt3, RET, VEGFR1/2/3, PDGFRβ | RCC, DTC and HCC | Ocular surface Lid changes Retinal detachment |
| Sunitinib | PDGFRα/β, VEGFR1/2/3, Kit, Flt3, CSF-1R, RET | RCC, GIST, PNET | Ocular surface Lid changes (periorbital oedema) Retinal detachment |
| Dabrafenib | BRAF | Melanoma and NSCLC with BRAF mutations | Photosensitivity VKH like illness RPE changes and subretinal fluid Uveitis Retinal vein occlusion |
| Encorafenib | BRAFV600E/K | BRAFV600E/K mutant melanoma with binimetinib | Nil |
| Vemurafenib | A/B/C-Raf, BRAF (V600E), SRMS, ACK1, MAP4K5, FGR | Melanoma with BRAFV600E mutation and ECD | Uveitis Conjunctivitis and dry eye CMORPE changes and RPE detachment Retinal vein occlusion Central serous retinopathy |
| TK inhibitors | |||
| Acalabrutinib | Bruton tyrosine kinase | MCL | Nil |
| Ibrutinib | Bruton tyrosine kinase | MCL, CLL, WM, graph vs host disease. | Visual disturbance Cataract Dry eye Subconjunctival haemorrhage Branch retinal artery occlusion Cystoid macular oedema |
| MEK inhibitors | |||
| Binimetinib | MEK1/2 | BRAF V600E/K melanoma with encorafenib | Chorioretinopathy Photopsia/visual impairment Retinal detachment Macular oedema Retinopathy Visual impairment |
| Cobimetinib | MEK1/2 | Melanoma with BRAF V600E/K mutations with vemurafenib | Uveitis CMORPE changes and RPE detachment |
| Trametinib | MEK1/2 | Melanoma (2013) and NSCLC (2017) with BRAF mutations | VKH-like illness RPE changes and subretinal fluid Uveitis Retinal vein occlusion Central serous retinopathy Periorbital oedema Dry eye |
| Abemaciclib | CDK4/6 | HR+, HER– BC | Nil |
| Palbociclib | CDK4/6 | ER+ and HER2– BC | Nil |
| Ribociclib | CDK4/6 | HR + -EGFR– metastatic BC | Nil |