TABLE 8.
Potential mechanism of core herbs included in this review
| First author (Year) | Scientific name of herbal materials | Possible active ingredients | Target cell line or animal model | Possible mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwon et al. (2003) | Prunus persica (L.) Batsch [Rosaceae] | Amygdalin (active D-form) | Human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells | Antiproliferative effect: cytotoxic to HL-60 cells with IC50 of 6.4 mg/ml in the presence of 250 nM of beta-glucosidase as induced nuclear morphology changes and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation |
| Chiu et al. (2017) | Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels [Apiaceae] | N-butylidenephthalide | Human bladder cancer cell lines TCCSUP, 5637, T24, and BFTC (BFTC 905) | Antiproliferative effect: bladder cancer cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis via the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, migration of bladder cancer cells suppression, upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin, suppressed BFTC xenograft tumor growth |
| Zhang et al. (2019) | Carthamus tinctorius L. [Asteraceae] | Hydroxysafflor yellow A | H22 tumor-bearing mice HepG2 cells | Anti-angiogenic effect: MMP-2 and MMP-9 decrease in H22-transplanted tumor tissue, COX-2 expression was reduced via p38MAPK|ATF-2 signaling pathway, suppression of p38 activation by SB203580 decreased the HepG2 cell viability, proliferation, and migration |
| Zhang et al. (2016) | Paeonia lactiflora Pall. [Paeoniaceae] | Paeoniflorin | Human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) | Antiproliferative effect: inhibits the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells through suppressing the Notch-1 signaling pathway |
| Sheu et al. (2015) | Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. [Scrophulariaceae] | Harpagoside | Microglia cells harvested from neonatal ICR mice were activated by exposure to hypoxia | Antiproliferative effect: scavenge hypoxia-enhanced inflammatory genes expression (COX-2, IL-1β and IL-6 genes) and NO synthesis of microglial cells through the NF-κB signaling pathway |
| Wang S. J. et al. (2013) | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. [Fabaceae] | Isoliquiritigenin | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) | Anti-angiogenic effect: inhibit VEGF expression in breast cancer cells via promoting HIF-1α proteasome degradation, suppressed VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling pathway |
ATF-2, activating transcription factor 2; BFTC, bladder transitional cell carcinoma; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HL, human leukemia; IC50, inhibitory concentration 50; IL, interleukin; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NO, nitric oxide; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.