Table 5. Insecticide resistance management strategies based on Anopheles habitat.

Country	Study location	habitat	Insecticide resistance strategies	Reference
Afganistan	Nangarhar, Laghman, Kunar, Ghazni, and Badakhshan	Rice field, river stream, ponds, and water puddle	Establishing a management plan for insecticide resistance, and monitoring this situation in all malaria-endemic provinces.	20
India	Madhya Pradesh	Forest	Resistance management strategy by appropriate rotation of different insecticides, including carbamates and incorporating a synergist with synthetic pyrethroids for treating mosquito nets for the control of malaria vectors in these areas. Periodical monitoring of susceptibility/ resistance status of different insecticides.	8, 19, 21, 22
	Asom-Meghalaya border area, northeast India	Forest, ponds irrigation
	Rayagada, Nowrangpur, Kalahandi, Malkangiri and Koraput	Cattle sheds, human dwelling
	Gadchiroli district	Forest
Thailand	Chiang Mai-Chiang Dao, Mae Hongsom, Phrae	Paddy fields and rivulet	Vector prevention strategies and monitoring insecticide resistance. Achieving universal coverage and proper use of LLIN for all people at risk of malaria. Alternative control tools (e.g., insecticide-treated clothes, spatial repellents, or treated hammocks) adapted to the situation of people's activities are more effective in reducing the malaria burden	17, 23, 24
	Thailand-Myanmar Border	Agriculture
	Khong Chiam, Sirindhorn, Buntharik, and Nachaluay	Forest and rice field
Iran	Chabahar Seaport, southeast corner of Iran	Seaport	Biological, chemical, and environmental management. Rotation of insecticide. Monitoring and mapping of insecticide resistance in the primary malaria vector for the implementation of any vector control. Evaluation of the mechanisms and implementation of proper insecticide resistance management strategies.	25, 26
	Sistan and Baluchistan	Coastal
Lao	Phongsaly, Bokeo, LuangPrabang, Vientiane Pro, Borlikhamxay, Khammouane, Savannakhet, Saravane, Sekong, Attapeu.	Forest, village	Routine monitoring of the insecticide resistance levels and mechanisms to ensure effective malaria control. Use of insecticide with different modes of action, rotation, or combination in the same area.	27
China	Hainan Island	Mountainous and ricefield	Cost-effective integrated vector control programs that are beyond synthetic insecticides. The genetic basis of insecticide resistance to implementing more effective vector control strategies. Monitoring the efficacy of common insecticide and exploring the molecular basis of resistance.	28, 29
	Shandong Province	Irrigated ricefield, aquatic habitat, and small ponds
Sri Lanka	Batticaloa, Puttalam, Trincomalee and Ampara	Coastal and inland	Monitoring genetically different vector populations and their sensitivity to varying insecticides. Developing simple molecular tools and techniques to differentiate morphologically similar Anopheles species on the field.	30
Turkey	Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean	Agricultural, ponds, stream, and swamps	Effective management of insecticide resistance and monitoring of the status at a regular interval to prevent delay to its development. Integrated vector control strategies including biological, chemical, and physical strategies implemented in a combination	31