Fig. 1.

Acetate, Butyrate, and Propionate inhibit M2 polarization in AMs. MH-S were pretreated with Acetate, Butyrate, and Propionate 30 min at the indicated concentrations before IL-4 (20 ng/ml) exposure for 48 h. (A, C, E). Protein expressions of Arg1 and p-Stat6 were evaluated. Β-tubulin was used for normalization. (B, D, F) mRNA expressions of M2-associated genes, Arg1, MRC1, Fizz1, and Ym1 were evaluated. Β-actin was used for normalization. Data are shown as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ∗P < 0.05 vs. CON group. #P < 0.05 vs. IL-4 group.