Fig. 3.

GPR43, but not GPR41 activation may be responsible for the inhibitory effects of Acetate, Butyrate, and Propionate in AMs. MH-S were cultured with IL-4 (20 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of SCFAs (Acetate, Butyrate, and Propionate), GPR41 agonist (AR420626), and GPR43 agonists (4-CMTB) alone or in combination, at the indicated concentrations. (A) mRNA expressions of GPR43 and GPR41were evaluated. Β-actin was used for normalization. (B, C). Protein expressions of Arg1 and p-Stat6 were evaluated. Β-tubulin was used for normalization. (D) mRNA expressions of M2-associated genes, Arg1, MRC1, Fizz1, and Ym1 were evaluated. Β-actin was used for normalization. (E, F). Percentage of MRC1+ cells were determined by flow cytometry. Data are shown as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ∗P < 0.05.