Fig. 4.

Butyrate, and Propionate inhibit M2 polarization partly through HDAC inhibition in AMs. MH-S were cultured with IL-4 (20 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of SCFAs (Acetate, Butyrate, and Propionate), HDAC inhibitor (TSA) alone or in combination at the indicated concentrations. (A) Representative western blot image and relative expression of H3 acetylation level after 8 h of treatment. Data were normalized against GAPDH. (B) Protein expressions of Arg1 and p-Stat6 were evaluated. Β-tubulin was used for normalization. (C) mRNA expressions of M2-associated genes, Arg1, MRC1, Fizz1, and Ym1 were evaluated. Β-actin was used for normalization. (D) Percentage of MRC1+ cells were determined by flow cytometry. Data are shown as means ± SD from three independent experiments. ∗P < 0.05 vs. CON group. #P < 0.05 vs. IL-4 group. †P < 0.05 IL-4+Butyrate/Propionate vs. IL-4+Butyrate/Propionate +TSA.