Table 2.
: Summary of main immunological findings in primary headache patients Migraine
| Plasma Peripheral blood | Plasma Peripheral blood | Plasma Jugular blood | CSF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokines/Chemokines/adhesion molecules | Interictal period ∗ | Ictal period∗∗ | Ictal period ∗∗ | Interictal period ∗ |
| IL-12 | ↑ | |||
| IL-1β | ↑ | ↑↑ | ||
| I1L ra | ↑ | |||
| TNF-α | ↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| IFN-γ | ↑ | ↑↑ | ||
| IL-2 | = | |||
| IL-6 | ↑ | ↑↑ | ||
| IL-4 | ↓ | ↓ | ||
| IL-5 | ↓ | ↓ | ||
| TGF-β | ↑ | ↑ | ||
| IL-10 | ↓ | ↑ | ||
| IL-8 | ↑ | ↑ | ||
| CCL3/MIP-1α | ↑ | ↑ | ||
| ICAM-1 | ↑ | |||
| Cluster headache | ||||
| Plasma Peripheral blood | Plasma Peripheral blood | |||
| Cytokines | Interictal period ∗ | Ictal period∗∗ | ||
| IL-1β | ↑ | ↑↑ | ||
| IL-2 r (soluble) | ↑ § | |||
| Tension type headache | ||||
| Plasma | CSF | Saliva | ||
| Cytokines/Chemokines | Interictal period ∗ | Interictal period ∗ | Interictal period ∗ | |
| IL-1β | ↑ | ↑↑ | ||
| IL1 ra | ↑ | |||
| IL-6 | ↑ | ↑ | ||
| TGF-β | ↑ | |||
| IL-8 | ↑ | |||
| CCL3/MIP-1α | ↑ | |||
∗vs. control subjects; ∗∗vs. interictal period.
↑increase ↑↑further increase ↓decrease = no changes § active phase.