Table 2.

Selected cross-sectional studies investigating the impact of biotic factors on PFAS levels in biological tissues of wildlife. All findings listed under observations are reported as significant in the referenced publication.

Biotic Factor	Species	Total n	PFAS Investigated	Observations	Publication
Seasonal changes/ diet/ body condition	Polar bears (Ursus maritimus)	77	PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, and PFTrDA	Fasting polar bears (stable isotopes analysis) maintained higher plasma PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFDA than non-fasting polar bears	Tartu et al. 2017
	Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus)	18	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTriDA, PFTeDA, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFDS and FOSA	PFDA and PFHpS concentrations in liver, kidney, and blood, and, PFNA in liver and blood, were twice as high in the lean compared to the fat foxes	Aas et al. 2014
	Tawny owls (Strix aluco)	107	PFHxS, PFHpS, PFOS, PFDS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTriDA, and PFTeDA	PFOS in eggs of tawny owls was negatively related to seasonal temperature, but the pattern was complex as there was an interaction between temperature and the feeding conditions. The PFOS accumulation was highest in years with high vole abundance and low to medium seasonal temperatures.	Bustnes et al. 2015
	Bank moles (Myodes glareolus)	28	PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTriDA, PFTeDA, PFPeDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, and FOSA	Higher seasonal PFAS in adult bank mole liver in Spring compared to Autumn that was PFAS and location specific.	Ecke et al. 2020
	American alligator (Alligator Mississippiensis)	229	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTriDA, PFTeDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, and FOSA	No seasonal changes were observed in plasma PFAS in male or female alligators	Bangma et al. 2017 [48]
	Shad (Alosaagone)	42	PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTriDA, PFTeDA, PFHxS, and PFOS	No seasonality was observed in PFAS in tissue compartments of sampled shad	Valsecchi et al. 2018
Reproduction	Striped mullet (Mugilcephalus)	128	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTriDA, PFTeDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, and FOSA	PFOA, PFNA, and PFTriA increased in the maternal liver with sub-stage of oocyte development PFOS and its precursor PFOSA decreased in the liver with increasing stage of oocyte development	Bangma et al. 2018
Health status	Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis)	80	PFOS, and PFOA	Higher concentrations of PFOA and PFOS were observed in sea otters found to have died of infectious diseases compared to otters that were determined to have died of trauma	Kannan et al. 2006
	Mozambiqu e tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)	23	PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTriDA, PFTeDA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, and FOSA	Lower PFOS and PFHxS was observed in the liver, kidney, and plasma of tilapia diagnosed with pansteatitis when compared to healthy tilapia from the same location	Bangma et al. 2017 [50]