TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics according to the gender of the study population
| Variables | n | Males n = 23,108 |
Females n = 33,354 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and social characteristics | |||
| Age (y) | 56,462 | 51.43 ± 17.14 | 51.43 ± 17.14 |
| Age group (%) | 56,462 | ||
| ≤29 | 6886 | 2986 (12.9) | 3900 (11.7) |
| 30-39 | 9262 | 3525 (15.3) | 5737 (17.2) |
| 40-49 | 10,044 | 3923 (17.0) | 6121 (18.4) |
| 50-59 | 10,489 | 4146 (17.9) | 6343 (19.0) |
| 60-69 | 10,007 | 4392 (19.0) | 5615 (16.8) |
| 70-79 | 7678 | 3330 (14.4) | 4348 (13.0) |
| ≥80 | 2096 | 806 (3.5) | 1290 (3.9) |
| Marital status (%) | 56,445 | ||
| Married | 47,977 | 18,826 (81.5) | 29,151 (87.4) |
| Living alone | 8468 | 4274 (18.5) | 4194 (12.6) |
| Residential areas (%) | 56,462 | ||
| Urban | 44,766 | 18,090 (78.3) | 26,676 (78.0) |
| Rural | 11,696 | 5018 (21.7) | 6678 (20.0) |
| Occupation (%) | 56,168 | ||
| White-collar | 18,832 | 8167 (35.6) | 10,665 (32.1) |
| Blue-collar | 13,596 | 8047 (35.1) | 5549 (16.7) |
| None | 23,740 | 6726 (29.3) | 17,014 (51.2) |
| Education level (%) | 56,255 | ||
| ≤Middle school | 19,893 | 6824 (29.6) | 13,069 (39.3) |
| High school | 18,441 | 8077 (35.1) | 10,364 (31.2) |
| ≥College | 17,921 | 8128 (35.3) | 9793 (29.5) |
| Monthly household income (%)a | 56,136 | ||
| <2000 | 17,848 | 7042 (30.7) | 10,806 (32.6) |
| ≥2000 and <4000 | 16,655 | 7029 (30.5) | 9626 (29.0) |
| ≥4000 and <6000 | 11,385 | 4702 (20.5) | 6683 (20.2) |
| ≥6000 | 10,248 | 4204 (18.3) | 6044 (18.2) |
| BMI group (%) | 56,310 | ||
| <18.5 | 2442 | 700 (3.0) | 1742 (5.3) |
| ≥18.5 and <25 | 35,495 | 13,778 (59.8) | 21,717 (65.3) |
| ≥25 and <30 | 15,854 | 7595 (33.0) | 8259 (24.8) |
| ≥30 | 2519 | 976 (4.2) | 1543 (4.6) |
| Smoking status (%) | 55,631 | ||
| Non/ex-smoker | 44,880 | 13,654 (60.1) | 31,226 (94.8) |
| Current smoker | 10,751 | 9054 (39.9) | 1697 (5.2) |
| Cotinine verified smokers (%) | 56,462 | ||
| No | 21,988 | 7598 (32.9) | 14,390 (43.1) |
| Yes | 34,474 | 15,510 (67.1) | 18,964 (56.9) |
| High-risk drinking status (%) | 56,324 | ||
| No | 50,868 | 27,760 (83.6) | 23,108 (100) |
| Yes | 5456 | 5456 (16.4) | 0 (0.0) |
| Physical activity (%) | 56,462 | ||
| Not regular | 42,480 | 17,390 (75.3) | 25,090 (75.2) |
| Regular | 13,982 | 5718 (24.7) | 8264 (24.8) |
| Family history of CVD (%) | 55,999 | ||
| No | 34,084 | 15,332 (65.1) | 18,752 (57.8) |
| Yes | 21,915 | 8,238 (34.9) | 13,677 (42.2) |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 55,337 | ||
| No | 45,176 | 19,521 (83.6) | 25,655 (80.2) |
| Yes | 10,161 | 3822 (16.4) | 6339 (19.8) |
| Family history of hyperlipidemia (%) | 43,907 | ||
| No | 50,923 | 21,778 (95.6) | 29,145 (93.6) |
| Yes | 2984 | 995 (4.4) | 1989 (6.4) |
| Medical history | |||
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 56,462 | ||
| No | 51,319 | 20,649 (89.4) | 30,670 (92.0) |
| Yes | 5143 | 2459 (10.6) | 2684 (8.0) |
| Hypertension (%) | 56,462 | ||
| No | 42,944 | 17,284 (74.8) | 25,660 (76.9) |
| Yes | 13,518 | 5824 (25.2) | 7694 (23.1) |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 56,462 | ||
| No | 48,281 | 20,209 (87.5) | 28,072 (84.2) |
| Yes | 8181 | 2899 (22.5) | 5282 (25.8) |
| Stroke (%) | 56,462 | ||
| No | 55,136 | 22,407 (97.0) | 32,729 (98.1) |
| Yes | 1,326 | 701 (3.0) | 625 (1.9) |
| MI or angina (%) | 56,462 | ||
| No | 54,842 | 22,245 (96.3) | 32,597 (97.7) |
| Yes | 1620 | 863 (3.7) | 757 (2.3) |
| MI (%) | 56,462 | ||
| No | 55,895 | 22,738 (98.4) | 33,157 (99.4) |
| Yes | 567 | 370 (1.6) | 197 (0.6) |
| Arthritis (%) | 56,462 | ||
| No | 48,688 | 21,693 (93.9) | 26,995 (80.9) |
| Yes | 7,774 | 1,415 (6.1) | 6,359 (19.1) |
| Osteoarthritis (%) | 56,462 | ||
| No | 49,549 | 21,879 (94.7) | 27,670 (83.0) |
| Yes | 6913 | 1229 (5.3) | 5684 (17.0) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (%) | 56,462 | ||
| No | 55,275 | 22,880 (99.0) | 32,395 (97.1) |
| Yes | 1187 | 228 (1.0) | 959 (2.9) |
| Depression (%) | 56,462 | ||
| No | 53,936 | 22,594 (97.8) | 31,342 (94.0) |
| Yes | 2526 | 514 (2.2) | 2012 (6.0) |
| Food intake | |||
| 24-h recall | |||
| Energy intake (Kcal) | 56,462 | 2255.93 ± 828.06 | 1677.02 ± 643.67 |
| Vitamin B1 intake (mg)b | 56,462 | 1.47 (1.46-1.48) | 1.11 (1.10-1.12) |
| Vitamin B2 intake (mg)b | 56,462 | 1.29 (1.28-1.30) | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) |
| Vitamin B3 intake (mg)b | 56,462 | 15.19 (15.08-15.29) | 11.38 (11.32-11.45) |
| Vitamin C intake (mg)b | 56,462 | 61.61 (60.87-62.36) | 57.40 (56.78-58.02) |
| Vitamin A intake (mg)b | 56,462 | 525.69 (519.01-532.45) | 429.08 (424.36-433.94) |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL)‡ | 56,462 | 17.79 (17.67-17.91) | 15.68 (15.59-15.77) |
| Retinol (µg)b | 56,462 | 47.76 (46.67-48.87) | 38.64 (37.86-39.43) |
| Sodium (mg)b | 56,462 | 4019.85 (3988.86-4051.08) | 2825.27 (2805.63-2845.04) |
| Potassium (mg)b | 56,462 | 2923.75 (2906.11- 2941.50) | 2383.88 (2371.06-2396.76) |
| Phosphorus (mg)b | 56,462 | 1137.52 (1131.16-1143.91) | 874.23 (870.07- 878.42) |
| Protein (g)b | 56,462 | 71.66 (71.21-72.11) | 52.47 (52.20-52.75) |
| Iron (mg)b | 56,462 | 13.83 (13.73-13.93) | 10.85 (10.78-10.92) |
| Saturated fatty acid (g)b | 56,462 | 11.01 (10.85- 11.17) | 8.13 (8.03-10.24) |
| MUFA (g)b | 56,462 | 10.89 (10.71-11.06) | 8.05 (7.93-8.16) |
| PUFA (g)b | 56,462 | 9.67 (9.54-9.80) | 7.29 (7.20-7.38) |
| n-3 fatty acid (g)b | 56,462 | 1.35 (1.33-1.37) | 1.05 (1.03-1.06) |
| n-6 fatty acid (g)b | 56,462 | 8.02 (7.91-8.13) | 6.00 (5.93-6.08) |
| Fiber (g)b | 56,462 | 23.54 (23.29-23.78) | 20.07 (19.89-20.26) |
| Water (g)b | 56,462 | 927.09 (919.46-934.79) | 754.54 (749.33-759.78) |
| Food Frequency Questionnairec | |||
| Green vegetables (%) | 15,534 | ||
| Low consumption | 11,597 | 4273 (72.1) | 7324 (76.2) |
| Medium consumption | 3,018 | 1236 (20.9) | 1782 (18.5) |
| High consumption | 919 | 415 (7.0) | 504 (5.3) |
| White vegetables (%) | 15,571 | ||
| Low consumption | 12,132 | 4626 (77.9) | 7506 (78.0) |
| Medium consumption | 2706 | 1033 (17.4) | 1673 (17.4) |
| High consumption | 733 | 283 (4.7) | 450 (4.6) |
| Fruits (%) | 15,573 | ||
| Low consumption | 12,918 | 5246 (88.3) | 7672 (79.7) |
| Medium consumption | 1407 | 344 (5.9) | 1063 (9.3) |
| High consumption | 1248 | 352 (5.8) | 896 (11.0) |
| Laboratory measurements | |||
| Waist circumference (cm)b | 56,462 | 58.41 ± 9.20 | 79.03 ± 9.93 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)b | 56,462 | 187.40 ± 36.78 | 191.39 ± 36.76 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL)b | 56,462 | 113.51 ± 33.08 | 115.21 ± 33.31 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL)d | 56,462 | 122 (84-185) | 95 (66-141) |
| HDL-C (mg/dL)b | 56,462 | 46.91 ± 11.22 | 53.16 ± 12.39 |
| HbA1c (%) | 56,462 | 5.85 ± 0.94 | 5.76 ± 0.82 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 56,462 | 102.45 ± 25.08 | 97.44 ± 21.56 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L)d | 56,462 | 0.61 (0.15-1.23) | 0.51 (0.09-1.01) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 56,462 | 15.17 ± 1.26 | 13.08 ± 1.15 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)b | 56,462 | 121.82 ± 15.58 | 117.61 ± 18.12 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)b | 56,462 | 77.87 ± 10.61 | 73.81 ± 9.83 |
| AST (IU/L) | 56,462 | 22.90 ± 0.15 | 22.23 ± 0.11 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 56,462 | 23.40 ± 0.22 | 21.15 ± 0.24 |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index (kg/m2); CVD, cardiovascular disease; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.
a
Thousand won.
b
Median (IQR).
c
Geometric mean and 95% confidence interval.
d
Data available from 2012 to 2016.