Table 5.
Comparison of depression, anxiety, and stress by nicotine dependence categories among smoking groups
| DASS score | Nicotine dependence categories | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Low (n=181) N (%) | Low to moderate (n=214) N (%) | Moderate (n=365) N (%) | High (n=88) N (%) | ||
| Depression | |||||
| Normal | 56 (30.9) | 81 (37.9) | 104 (28.5) | 22 (25.0) | 0.03* |
| Mild | 40 (22.1) | 29 (13.6) | 48 (13.2) | 11 (12.5) | |
| Moderate | 45 (24.9) | 52 (24.3) | 99 (27.1) | 27 (30.7) | |
| Severe | 23 (12.7) | 25 (11.7) | 65 (17.8) | 11 (12.5) | |
| Extremely severe | 17 (9.4) | 27 (12.6) | 49 (13.4) | 17 (19.3) | |
| Anxiety | |||||
| Normal | 41 (22.7) | 31 (14.5) | 53 (14.5) | 8 (9.1) | 0.06 |
| Mild | 10 (5.5) | 16 (7.5) | 19 (5.2) | 6 (6.8) | |
| Moderate | 41 (22.7) | 50 (23.4) | 79 (21.6) | 11 (12.5) | |
| Severe | 30 (16.6) | 32 (15.0) | 67 (18.4) | 21 (23.9) | |
| Extremely severe | 59 (32.6) | 85 (39.7) | 147 (40.3) | 42 (47.7) | |
| Stress | |||||
| Normal | 61 (33.7) | 60 (28.0) | 80 (21.9) | 15 (17.0) | 0.02* |
| Mild | 30 (16.6) | 40 (18.7) | 64 (17.5) | 11 (12.5) | |
| Moderate | 37 (20.4) | 52 (24.3) | 83 (22.7) | 19 (21.6) | |
| Severe | 32 (17.7) | 37 (17.3) | 90 (24.7) | 23 (26.1) | |
| Extremely severe | 21 (11.6) | 25 (11.7) | 48 (13.2) | 20 (22.7) | |
*Statistical significance P<0.05. FTND=Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, DASS=Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale