TABLE 3.
Factor Related to Body Weight (Obesity and Weight Loss) and Cholelithiasis Risks
| Reference | Year | Study Design | Sample Size | Results Related to the Risk of Cholelithiasis | Implications for Practice |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al. | 2006 | A random trial (Taiwan) | 3,647 (male = 2,305; female = 1,343) | Aging, high BMI, DM, glucose intolerance | Monitor glucose levels when BMI levels are high in women over 40 years |
| Katsika et al. | 2007 | A retrospective data-based twin study (Sweden) | 58,402 | High BMI associated with symptomatic GD; high alcohol consumption inversely associated with GD; no association with tobacco consumption | Encourage weight loss and diets with a low glycemic index. Increase physical activity |
| Li et al. | 2009 | A retrospective data-based study (USA) | 717 | Aging, female gender, high BMI, DM, hyperlipidemia, weight loss > 25% | Encourage patients to quit smoking and to set healthy weight loss goals |
| Stampfer et al. | 1992 | An observational follow-up study based on survey (USA) | 90,302 (female); 8 years of follow-up | Women with BMI > 45 have seven times the risk of GD. Female smokers also have greater risk of GD | Monitor for severe weight fluctuation (≥ 20 lb of weight loss or gain) after symptoms of GD |
| Stender et al. | 2013 | An observational follow-up study (Denmark) | 77,679; up to 34 years of follow-up | High BMI associated with symptomatic GD in women | Encourage an active, healthy lifestyle |
| Syngal et al. | 1999 | An observational follow-up study based on survey (USA) | 47,153 (female); 16 years of follow-up | High weight cycling ( ≥ 20 lb of weight loss or gain) associated with cholecystectomy | Educate patients to adopt healthy weight loss goals |
| Tsai et al. | 2006a | An observational follow-up study based on survey (USA) | 51,529; 10 years of follow-up | Larger weight fluctuation, high BMI in men | |
| Volzke et al. | 2005 | A data-based population study (Pomerania) | 4,202 | Aging, female gender, high BMI, low HDL |
Note. BMI = body mass index; DM = diabetes mellitus; GD = gallstone disease; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglycerides.