TABLE 4.
Acute test-meal studies investigating the effects of high-fat meals with different FA composition on postprandial lipemia in subjects with risk factors for CVD and metabolically healthy controls1
| Reference | Health condition | Age and BMI of subject group (n) | Study design | Energy, kcal | Meal composition | Amount of fat source | Fat source/meal pattern | FA composition | Blood collection, h | Results2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bermudez et al. (31) | TG fasting >2.24 mmol/L | Age not stated, 24 ± 5 kg/m2 (n = 14) | Crossover, double-blind | Not stated | Not stated | 50 g/m2 body surface | Butter | 65% SFA, 31% MUFA, 3% PUFA3 | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 | Both groups: iAUC0-8h butter > other meals (P < 0.05) |
| Refined olive oil | 15% SFA, 81% MUFA, 4% PUFA3 | |||||||||
| Metabolically healthy | Age not stated, 24 ± 2 kg/m2 (n = 14) | High-palmitic sunflower oil | 27% SFA, 66% MUFA, 7% PUFA3 | |||||||
| Vegetable oils and fish oils | 11% SFA, 75% MUFA, 14% PUFA3 | |||||||||
| Irawati et al. (34) | Hyper-responder | 43 ± 6 y, 29 ± 1 kg/m2 (n = 10) | Crossover, single-blind | 740 | 43 g fat, 14 g protein, 69 g CHO | 40 g | Coconut oil | 92% SFA, 8% MUFA, 0% PUFA3 | 0, 4, 8 | Hyper-responder: iAUC0-8h palm oil > other meals (P = 0.001) |
| Normo-responder | 39 ± 4 y, 24 ± 1 kg/m2 (n = 16) | Palm oil | 60% SFA, 31% MUFA, 9% PUFA3 | |||||||
| Rice bran oil | 28% SFA, 40% MUFA, 32% PUFA3 | Palm oil: iAUC0-8h hyper-responder > normo-responder (P < 0.01) | ||||||||
| Lozano et al. (33) | Lower-weight subjects | 23 ± 2 y, 26 kg/m2 (n = 21) | Crossover, 4 wk of Western diet before study | 50–66% of daily intake | 60% fat, 15% protein, 25% CHO | 1 g/kg body mass | Butter | 35% SFA, 22% MUFA, 4% PUFA4 | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8.5, 11 | No significant difference |
| Olive oil | 22% SFA, 38% MUFA, 4% PUFA4 | |||||||||
| Higher-weight subjects | Walnuts | 20% SFA, 24% MUFA, 16% PUFA4 | ||||||||
| Øyri et al. (35) | Familial hypercholesterolemia | 25 y, 23 kg/m2 (n = 13) | Crossover, double-blind | 764 | 61 g fat, 7 g protein, 48 g CHO | Not stated | Palm oil and coconut oil | 36 g SFA, 19 g MUFA, 5 g PUFA4 | 0, 2, 4, 6 | No significant difference |
| Metabolically healthy | 25 y, 22 kg/m2 (n = 14) | 768 | 63 g fat, 6 g protein, 45 g CHO | Sunflower oil and canola oil | 8 g SFA, 21 g MUFA, 34 g PUFA4 |
1
Age and BMI are given as means ± SDs. Numbers are rounded to whole numbers. CHO, carbohydrate; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FA, fatty acid; iAUC, incremental AUC.
2
Referring to comparisons between AUC of postprandial TG concentration (plasma, serum, capillary blood) after SFA-rich meals and meals rich in unsaturated FAs.
3
Referring to the content of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA in the fat source.
4
Referring to the content of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA in the meal.