TABLE 3.

Factor loadings for individual items in the structure revealed from the ARHQ, wherein the solution was reported with (Factor 1) Childhood Ability, (Factor 2) Attitude and Exposure, (Factor 3) Memory, (Factor 4) Media Use, (Factor 5) Reversal, and (Factor 6) Spelling.

Item	Description	Childhood ability	Attitude and exposure	Memory	Media Use	Reversal	Spelling
Adult Reading History Questionnaire
1	Which of the following most nearly describes your attitude toward school when you were a child?	0.398	0.118	0.156	–	−0.133	–
2	How much difficulty did you have learning to read in elementary school?	0.822	–	–	–	–	–
3	How much extra help did you need when learning to read in elementary school?	0.832	–	–	–	–	–
4	Did you ever reverse the order of letters or numbers when you were a child?	–	–	–	–	0.995	–
5	Did you have difficulty learning letter and/or color names when you were a child?	0.518	–	–	–	0.382	−0.146
6	How would you compare your reading skill to that of others in your elementary classes?	0.697	–	–	–	–	–
7	All students struggle from time to time in school. In comparison to others in your classes, how much did you struggle to complete your work?	0.638	–	0.173	–	–	0.116
8	Did you experience difficulty in high school or college English classes?	0.553	0.126	–	–	–	–
9	What is your current attitude toward reading?	0.209	0.561	–	–	–	–
10	How much reading do you do for pleasure?	–	0.952	–	–	–	–
11	How would you compare your current reading speed to that of others of the same age and education?	0.236	0.238	–	0.135	–	0.220
12	How much reading do you do in conjunction with your work? (If retired or not working, how much did you read when you were working?)	–	0.159	0.135	0.215	–	0.183
13	How much difficulty did you have learning to spell in elementary school?	0.249	–	0.108	–	0.189	0.591
14	How would you compare your current spelling to that of others of the same age and education?	–	–	–	–	–	0.913
15	Did your parents ever consider having you repeat any grades in school due to academic failure (not illness)?	0.718	–	–	–	−0.157	–
16	Do you ever have difficulty remembering people’s names or names of places?	–	–	0.901	–	–	–
17	Do you ever have difficulty remembering addresses, phone numbers, or dates?	–	–	0.717	–	–	–
18	Do you have difficulty remembering complex verbal instructions?	0.131	–	0.649	–	–	–
19	Do you currently reverse the other of letters or numbers when you read or write?	0.120	–	0.122	–	0.491	–
20	How many books do you read for pleasure each year?	–	0.849	–	–	–	–
21	How many magazines do you read for pleasure each month?	–	–	–	0.456	–	0.117
22	Do you read daily (Monday–Friday) newspapers?	–	–	–	0.725	–	0.117
23	Do you read a newspaper on Sunday?	–	–	–	0.918	–	–
	SS loadings	3.723	2.095	1.854	1.681	1.496	1.375
	Proportion variance	0.162	0.091	0.081	0.073	0.065	0.060
	Cumulative variance	0.162	0.253	0.334	0.407	0.472	0.531

[Findings from Welcome and Meza (2019) were used to guide the naming convention for factors derived in the current study].