TABLE 7.
Direct and indirect effects of individual factors derived from the ARHQ (centrally, the childhood ability, attitude and exposure, and media use ones) and AMHQ (the childhood ability and attitude and exposure ones) on children’s core academic skills (WR and AR), and performance on complex tasks (RC and PS).
| Path | b | se | p |
|
| |||
| Direct and indirect effects on core academic skills | |||
| Familial reading history (ARHQ) | |||
| Childhood ability | |||
| → WR (1st grade) | −0.177 | 0.052 | 0.001 |
| → WR (1st grade) → WR (2nd grade) | −0.158 | 0.053 | 0.003 |
| → WR (1st grade) → AR (2nd grade) | −0.026 | 0.008 | 0.002 |
|
| |||
| Familial math history (AMHQ) | |||
| Childhood ability | |||
| → AR (1st grade) | −0.171 | 0.042 | 0.000 |
| → AR (1st grade) → AR (2nd grade) | −0.112 | 0.025 | 0.000 |
| Attitude and exposure | |||
| → AR (2nd grade) | −0.214 | 0.026 | 0.000 |
|
| |||
| Direct and indirect effects on performance on complex academic tasks | |||
|
| |||
| Familial reading history (ARHQ) | |||
| Childhood ability | |||
| → WR (1st grade) → WR (2nd grade) → RC (2nd grade) | −0.089 | 0.042 | 0.034 |
| → WR (1st grade) → WR (2nd grade) → RC (3rd grade) | −0.027 | 0.017 | 0.101 |
| → WR (1st grade) → WR (2nd grade) → RC (2nd grade) → RC (3rd grade) | −0.053 | 0.026 | 0.041 |
| → WR (1st grade) → WR (2nd grade) → RC (2nd grade) → PS (3rd grade) | −0.007 | 0.004 | 0.081 |
| → WR (1st grade) → PS (2nd grade) | −0.038 | 0.021 | 0.069 |
| → WR (1st grade) → PS (2nd grade) → PS (3rd grade) | −0.009 | 0.005 | 0.075 |
| → WR (1st grade) → AR (2nd grade) → PS (2nd grade) | −0.010 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| → WR (1st grade) → AR (2nd grade) → PS (3rd grade) | −0.002 | 0.001 | 0.064 |
| → WR (1st grade) → AR (2nd grade) → PS (2nd grade) → PS (3rd grade) | −0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Media use | |||
| → RC (2nd grade) | −0.131 | 0.052 | 0.013 |
| → RC (2nd grade) → RC (3rd grade) | −0.078 | 0.033 | 0.018 |
| → RC (2nd grade) → PS (3rd grade) | −0.010 | 0.005 | 0.045 |
| Attitude and exposure | |||
| → RC (3rd grade) | −0.107 | 0.054 | 0.047 |
| → PS (2nd grade) | −0.109 | 0.052 | 0.036 |
| → PS (2nd grade) → PS (3rd grade) | −0.027 | 0.013 | 0.041 |
|
| |||
| Familial math history (AMHQ) | |||
| Childhood ability | |||
| → AR (1st grade) → AR (2nd grade) → PS (2nd grade) | −0.043 | 0.010 | 0.000 |
| → AR (1st grade) → AR (2nd grade) → PS (3rd grade) | −0.007 | 0.003 | 0.017 |
| → AR (1st grade) → AR (2nd grade) → PS (2nd grade) → PS (3rd grade) | −0.011 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Attitude and exposure | |||
| → AR (2nd grade) → PS (2nd grade) | −0.081 | 0.008 | 0.000 |
| → AR (2nd grade) → PS (3rd grade) | −0.013 | 0.007 | 0.068 |
| → AR (2nd grade) → PS (2nd grade) → PS (3rd grade) | −0.020 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
(Correlation coefficients in bold met p < 0.05. The directionality of the computed factor scores remain consistent with the that of the questions on each scale – that is, higher scores on any factors extracted from the ARHQ or AMHQ indicate, e.g., increased difficulties with learning to read or do simple arithmetic).