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. 2021 Oct 30;52(2):349–375. doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01558-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Summary of the basic physiology underlying the effect of carbohydrate–electrolyte drink (CHO-E) and non-carbohydrate–electrolyte drink (non-CHO-E) beverage ingestion on hydration. This figure summarises the processes believed responsible for the temporal relative expansion of body-water content following intestinal fluid absorption. Whole-body water exchange, gain, loss, distribution and osmotic equilibrium are indicated by the arrows across the plasma, interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments. Fluid transport across the gut epithelia occurs via passive and osmotic gradient and channel (aquaporin, AQP)-mediated processes, facilitated by carbohydrate transport and solvent drag [1, 24]. Fluid shifts across body fluid compartments occurs through a combination of rapid time-course hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure gradients, and slower time-course reabsorption in the kidneys [110]. SGLT1 sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters, GLUT5 fructose transporter, DRTS disaccharide-related transport system, ATP Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase