Fig. 3.

Effect of hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic drinks and water ingestion during continuous endurance exercise on delta plasma volume (dPV) by TimeBin. Data are the estimates and 90% compatibility limits (CLs) from the full fixed-effects model adjusted for the modifiers metabolic rate and drink ingestion rate. Plot placement along the x-axis is in the mid-point of the TimeBin (< 30, 30–63, 63–180 min), with data points offset by 3–6 min for presentation clarity. Also shown is the mean dPV response when no drink is ingested under thermoneutral [76] and heat stress [71] environmental conditions