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. 2022 Jan 31;12:1659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05660-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Activin A is highly expressed in tumor specimens from PDAC patients and enters systemic circulation. (A) Gene expression analysis of INHBA in 18 tumor types of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) compared with corresponding matched normal (TCGA) tissues using RNA-Seq by Expectation–Maximization (RSEM). Sources for the statistics of cancer cachexia prevalence can be found in Supplemental References. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images of activin A (βA, AF488) and keratin 17 (CK17, AF568) expression in non-cancerous pancreatic tissue and PDAC tumor specimens. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Scale bar = 75 µm. Corresponding serum activin A levels are indicated in ng/ml. Representative H&E images are displayed on the third row. Scale bar = 50 µm. (C) Area percentage of green pixels indicating activin A expression in immunofluorescence images from non-cancerous pancreatic tissue (n = 5) and PDAC tumor specimens (n = 6). Each dot represents the average green pixel area percentage per image as measured by Image J. (D) Measurement of activin A levels in sera of non-cancer patients (n = 25) and PDAC patients (n = 34). (E) Representative immunohistochemical images of activin A expression in pancreas tissue from healthy control as well as PanIN lesions and tumor specimens from KPC mice.