Table 2.
Comparison between patients stratified by poor functional outcome, early neurological improvement and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.
| Variable | Poor functional outcome | Early neurological improvement | Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mRS (0–2) n = 382 | mRS (3–6) n = 308 | p | ENI n = 389 | No ENI n = 263 | p | No SICH n = 665 | SICH n = 32 | p | |
| Age (median in years [IQR]) | 61.00 [52.00, 70.00] | 74.00 [60.00, 81.00] | < 0.001 | 64.00 [54.00, 76.00] | 66.00 [56.00, 77.00] | 0.094 | 65.00 [55.00, 76.00] | 69.00 [58.50, 76.00] | 0.386 |
| Male (n/total, %) | 259/375 (69.1) | 157/300 (52.3) | < 0.001 | 237/379 (62.5) | 157/259 (60.6) | 0.685 | 402/650 (61.8) | 17/32 (53.1) | 0.422 |
| Ethnicity (n/total, %) | 0.005 | 0.286 | 0.330 | ||||||
| Chinese | 218/340 (64.1) | 200/269 (74.3) | 224/340 (65.9) | 168/235 (71.5) | 400/587 (68.1) | 24/29 (82.8) | |||
| Malay | 67/340 (19.7) | 50/269 (18.6) | 74/340 (21.8) | 36/235 (15.3) | 114/587 (19.4) | 4/29 (13.8) | |||
| Indian | 24/340 (7.1) | 9/269 (3.3) | 20/340 (5.9) | 14/235 (6.0) | 34/587 (5.8) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Others | 31/340 (9.1) | 10/269 (3.7) | 22/340 (6.5) | 17/235 (7.2) | 39/587 (6.6) | 1/29 (3.4) | |||
| Comorbidities (n/total, %) | |||||||||
| Smoking | 76/178 (42.7) | 32/130 (24.6) | 0.002 | 69/181 (38.1) | 34/106 (32.1) | 0.366 | 106/287 (36.9) | 2/24 (8.3) | 0.009 |
| Hypertension | 224/286 (78.3) | 200/238 (84.0) | 0.122 | 237/296 (80.1) | 165/197 (83.8) | 0.360 | 408/501 (81.4) | 20/28 (71.4) | 0.287 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 183/250 (73.2) | 138/205 (67.3) | 0.205 | 186/258 (72.1) | 124/170 (72.9) | 0.935 | 308/432 (71.3) | 18/28 (64.3) | 0.564 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 52/164 (31.7) | 68/148 (45.9) | 0.014 | 73/184 (39.7) | 40/107 (37.4) | 0.793 | 116/293 (39.6) | 8/25 (32.0) | 0.594 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 91/382 (23.8) | 120/308 (39.0) | < 0.001 | 94/389 (24.2) | 103/263 (39.2) | < 0.001 | 203/665 (30.5) | 11/32 (34.4) | 0.791 |
| Glucose level | |||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L, median [IQR]) | 5.70 [5.00, 6.40] | 6.50 [5.50, 8.20] | < 0.001 | 5.70 [5.10, 6.60] | 6.30 [5.50, 8.05] | < 0.001 | 5.90 [5.20, 7.30] | 6.40 [5.57, 7.55] | 0.118 |
| HbA1c (%, median [IQR]) | 5.80 [5.50, 6.20] | 5.90 [5.60, 6.40] | 0.003 | 5.80 [5.50, 6.10] | 5.90 [5.60, 6.40] | 0.011 | 5.90 [5.60, 6.30] | 5.95 [5.70, 6.20] | 0.588 |
| Lipid parameters | |||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L, median [IQR]) | 4.82 [4.21, 5.47] | 4.47 [3.70, 5.28] | < 0.001 | 4.70 [4.00, 5.36] | 4.72 [3.92, 5.44] | 0.691 | 4.70 [3.94, 5.36] | 4.28 [3.79, 5.44] | 0.447 |
| LDL (mmol/L, median [IQR]) | 3.10 [2.43, 3.61] | 2.70 [2.03, 3.37] | < 0.001 | 2.97 [2.30, 3.51] | 2.97 [2.28, 3.59] | 0.774 | 2.93 [2.26, 3.51] | 2.70 [2.02, 3.53] | 0.434 |
| HDL (mmol/L, median [IQR]) | 1.13 [0.96, 1.33] | 1.13 [0.98, 1.35] | 0.228 | 1.13 [0.96, 1.35] | 1.14 [0.98, 1.32] | 0.740 | 1.13 [0.96, 1.34] | 1.18 [1.06, 1.34] | 0.242 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L, median [IQR]) | 1.21 [0.87, 1.64] | 1.07 [0.78, 1.46] | 0.001 | 1.13 [0.86, 1.54] | 1.11 [0.80, 1.59] | 0.814 | 1.13 [0.84, 1.58] | 1.12 [0.77, 1.44] | 0.304 |
| Cholesterol HDL ratio (median [IQR]) | 4.26 [3.42, 5.19] | 3.75 [3.10, 4.72] | < 0.001 | 4.06 [3.30, 4.98] | 4.13 [3.28, 5.02] | 0.923 | 4.06 [3.29, 4.98] | 3.72 [2.99, 4.50] | 0.079 |
| TyG index (median [IQR]) | 8.62 [8.29, 8.98] | 8.62 [8.28, 9.08] | 0.623 | 8.56 [8.26, 8.92] | 8.69 [8.31, 9.07] | 0.007 | 8.62 [8.29, 9.01] | 8.59 [8.22, 8.97] | 0.823 |
| Stroke onset parameters | |||||||||
| Admitting NIHSS (median [IQR]) | 10.0 [6.0, 16.0] | 19.0 [13.0, 23.0] | < 0.001 | 15.0 [9.0, 21.0] | 11.0 [6.0, 20.0] | < 0.001 | 14.0 [8.0, 20.0] | 21.0 [16.0, 22.0] | < 0.001 |
| NIHSS at 24 h (median [IQR]) | 3.0 [1.0, 6.0] | 15.0 [9.0, 21.0] | < 0.001 | 4.0 [1.0, 9.0] | 14.0 [6.0, 21.0] | < 0.001 | 6.0 [2.0, 14.0] | 20.0 [12.5, 23.0] | < 0.001 |
| Onset-to-treatment time (min, median [IQR]) | 160.00 [120.50, 208.50] | 153.00 [114.00, 200.00] | 0.146 | 151.00 [113.00, 201.00] | 161.00 [123.75, 208.00] | 0.074 | 156.00 [117.00, 205.50] | 149.00 [133.00, 188.00] | 0.940 |
| Admitting systolic BP (mmHg, median [IQR]) | 151.00 [135.00, 165.00] | 154.00 [136.75, 172.25] | 0.065 | 150.00 [135.00, 165.00] | 155.00 [135.25, 170.75] | 0.084 | 152.00 [135.50, 167.50] | 161.50 [146.00, 171.00] | 0.265 |
| Admitting diastolic BP (mmHg, median [IQR]) | 82.00 [74.00, 90.00] | 83.0 [72.00, 93.00] | 0.643 | 81.00 [71.50, 90.00] | 85.00 [75.00, 93.00] | 0.013 | 83.00 [73.00, 92.00] | 83.50 [71.75, 90.00] | 0.862 |
| Large vessel occlusion (n/total, %) | 192/360 (53.3) | 222/276 (80.4) | < 0.001 | 239/359 (66.6) | 148/242 (61.2) | 0.203 | 396/617 (64.2) | 23/25 (92.0) | 0.008 |
| TOAST (n/total, %) | 0.002 | 0.312 | 0.592 | ||||||
| Large-artery atherosclerosis | 82/276 (29.7) | 73/234 (31.2) | 93/290 (32.1) | 57/188 (30.3) | 148/490 (30.2) | 8/26 (30.8) | |||
| Cardioembolism | 89/276 (32.2) | 104/234 (44.4) | 114/290 (39.3) | 66/188 (35.1) | 187/490 (38.2) | 11/26 (42.3) | |||
| Small-vessel occlusion (lacune) | 53/276 (19.2) | 18/234 (7.7) | 35/290 (12.1) | 32/188 (17.0) | 70/490 (14.3) | 1/26 (3.8) | |||
| Stroke of other determined etiology | 6/276 (2.2) | 4/234 (1.7) | 8/290 (2.8) | 2/188 (1.1) | 9/490 (1.8) | 1/26 (3.8) | |||
| Stroke of unknown etiology | 46/276 (16.7) | 35/234 (15.0) | 40/290 (13.8) | 31/188 (16.5) | 76/490 (15.5) | 5/26 (19.2) | |||
| Mortality (n/total, %) | 0 (0.0) | 63/308 (20.5) | < 0.001 | 16/387 (4.1) | 35/260 (13.5) | < 0.001 | 53/658 (8.1) | 10/31 (32.3) | < 0.001 |
| 90-day mRS (n/total, %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| 0 | 159/382 (41.6) | 0 (0.0) | 124/387 (32.0) | 32/260 (12.3) | 158/658 (24.0) | 1/31 (3.2) | |||
| 1 | 148/382 (38.7) | 0 (0.0) | 104/387 (26.9) | 38/260 (14.6) | 148/658 (22.5) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| 2 | 75/382 (19.6) | 0 (0.0) | 44/387 (11.4) | 29/260 (11.2) | 73/658 (11.1) | 2/31 (6.5) | |||
| 3 | 0 (0.0) | 77/308 (25.0) | 45/387 (11.6) | 26/260 (10.0) | 75/658 (11.4) | 2/31 (6.5) | |||
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 136/308 (44.2) | 45/387 (11.6) | 82/260 (31.5) | 124/658 (18.8) | 11/31 (35.5) | |||
| 5 | 0 (0.0) | 32/308 (10.4) | 9/387 (2.3) | 18/260 (6.9) | 27/658 (4.1) | 5/31 (16.1) | |||
| 6 | 0 (0.0) | 63/308 (20.5) | 16/387 (4.1) | 35/260 (13.5) | 53/658 (8.1) | 10/31 (32.3) | |||
| Early neurological improvement (n/total, %) | 272/371 (73.3) | 115/276 (41.7) | < 0.001 | 389/389 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 | 381/624 (61.1) | 7/27 (25.9) | 0.001 |
| Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (n/total, %) | 3/382 (0.8) | 28/308 (9.1) | < 0.001 | 7/388 (1.8) | 20/263 (7.6) | 0.001 | 0 (0.0) | 32/32 (100.0) | < 0.001 |
n number, total number of non-missing values of each variable, p p-value of Pearson’s Chi-squared test for categorical variables and Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables, IQR interquartile range, mRS modified Rankin scale, mmol/L millimoles per liter, min minutes, mmHg millimeters of mercury, LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, BP blood pressure, TOAST trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment.