Fig. 9.

Summary schematic. Male and female neurons show equivalent uptake of α-synuclein fibrils, but males develop greater nonionic-detergent insoluble α-synucleinopathy than females. Inhibition of endogenous Hsp70 with chaperone-function inhibitor MAL3-101 exacerbated α-synucleinopathy in male cells. Females did not respond as males did to MAL3-101, possibly due to compensatory increases in Hsc70 and Hsp40. Exogenous Hsp70 (eHsp70) reduced α-synucleinopathy in cells of either sex, an effect that was partially dependent on the chaperone function of Hsp70 in male cells