Table 3.

Risk factors for one or more mental health symptoms in family members 12 months after ICU admission

	Mental health symptoms a
	Univariable OR (95% CI)	p value	Multivariable OR (95% CI)	p value
Family
Age	1.01 (0.98–1.04)	0.68
Female sex	1.86 (0.8–4.32)	0.15	2.52 (0.81–7.81)	0.11
Relationship to survivors
Spouse	–
Parent	0.77 (0.25–2.38)	0.65
Other	0.62 (0.12–3.3)	0.57
Education level, high b	0.88 (0.43–1.8)	0.72
Pre-ICU health status
Anxiety symptoms c	20.21 (5.74–71.08)	< 0.001	9.23 (2.29–37.24)	0.002
Depression symptoms c	17.6 (4.99–62.14)	< 0.001	5.96 (1.29–27.42)	0.02
ICU experience
Physical visitation allowed, Never	0.95 (0.5–1.8)	0.87
Non-physical contact, Never	0.8 (0.41–1.56)	0.51
Transferred to/from another ICU, Yes	0.59 (0.31–1.12)	0.11	0.83 (0.36–1.92)	0.65
Symptoms of COVID-19 during ICU admission of ICU survivor, yes	1.17 (0.61–2.22)	0.74
Use of ICU diary	0.49 (0.25–0.96)	0.04	0.58 (0.24–1.42)	0.23
ICU survivor
Age	1 (0.97–1.04)	0.87
Female sex	1.04 (0.5–2.19)	0.91
APACHE IV score d	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	0.33
Length of ICU stay	1 (0.98–1.02)	0.8
Length of hospital stay	1 (0.99–1.02)	0.52
Symptoms of anxiety at 12 months	2.45 (1.01–5.94)	0.05	2.76 (0.86–8.83)	0.09
Symptoms of depression at 12 months	1.67 (0.71–3.94)	0.24
Symptoms of PTSD at 12 months	2.97 (0.99–8.85)	0.05	2.04 (0.49–8.46)	0.34

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ICU intensive care unit, COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019

^aComposite score for mental health symptoms: one or more mental health symptoms (Anxiety, depression, PTSD) present

^bHigher vocational education or university were classified as high education level and compared to lower education levels

^cAnxiety and depression symptoms were defined by a score of ≥ 8 on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

^dThe Acute physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV (APACHE IV) measures severity of illness in critically ill patients with higher scores indicating worse outcomes